A comprehensive modeling framework involving mutually uncorrelated contribution from interface trap generation and hole trapping in pre-existing, process related gate insulator traps is used to study NBTI degradation in SiON and HKMG p-MOSFETs. The model can predict time evolution of degradation during DC and AC stress, time evolution of recovery after stress, impact of stress and recovery bias and temperature, and impact of several AC stress parameters such as pulse frequency, duty cycle, duration of last pulse cycle (half or full) and pulse low bias. The model can successfully explain experimental data measured using fast and ultra-fast methods in SiON and HKMG devices having different gate insulator processes. The trap generation and trapping sub components of the composite model have been verified by independent experiments. Data published by different groups are reconciled and explained. The model can successfully predict long time DC and AC stress data and has been used to determine device degradation at end of life as EOT is scaled for different HKMG devices. 相似文献
Transport companies seek to maximise vehicle utilisation and minimise labour costs. Both goals can be achieved if the time required to fulfil a sequence of transportation tasks is minimised. However, if schedule durations are too short drivers may not have enough time for recuperation and road safety is impaired. In Australia transport companies must ensure that truck drivers can comply with Australian Heavy Vehicle Driver Fatigue Law and schedules must give enough time for drivers to take the amount of rest required by the regulation. This paper shows how transport companies can minimise the duration of truck driver schedules complying with Australian Heavy Vehicle Driver Fatigue Law. A mixed integer programming formulation is presented and valid inequalities are given. Computational experiments show that these inequalities provide significant reduction in computational effort when using one of the most advanced commercial mixed integer programming solver. 相似文献
In the present time, need of biogenic lubricants is the focusing area which will be biodegradable, avirulent and eco-friendly. Current experimental tests depict the effect of ‘Phyllanthus emblica’ a non-edible feedstock through pin on disc tribo tester. Tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of 0, 10, 20 and 30 % blending of Phyllanthus emblica with SAE20W40 lubricating oil on cylinder liner and piston ring. Promising results have been manifested with 10 % blending of biodiesel (BD) with lubricating oil in terms of coefficient of friction and specific wear rate in comparison with other examined feedstock. For analysis of wear debris in the used oil analytical ferrography was also done. The effects of temperature on wear and friction characteristics have also been discussed.
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - The Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based analysis is carried out to investigate the thermal and hydraulic performance of circular rib roughened... 相似文献
A considerable amount of tunnelling has been going on in India for various projects such as hydroelectric power, irrigation, roads and railways. Most of these projects are located in Himalayas, far awa... 相似文献
In the present work, we report the preparation of PLZT thin films in pure perovskite phase by RF magnetron sputtering without
external substrate heating and their integration with micro-cantilevers. The ‘lift-off’ process for patterning different layers
of a micro-cantilever including PLZT, Pt/Ti and Au/Cr was employed. The basic requirement of lift-off process is that the
deposition temperature should not exceed 200°C otherwise photoresist will burn out. Therefore, one of the aims of the present
work was to prepare PLZT film at lower deposition temperatures, which can be subsequently annealed to form pure perovskite
phase. This also strongly favours the incorporation of ‘lift-off’ process for patterning in the complete process flow. As
no external substrate heating was required in the deposition of PLZT film, this objective has been successfully accomplished
in the present work. The ‘lift-off’ process has been successfully adopted for patterning the composite layers of PLZT/Pt/Ti
and Au/Cr using thick positive photo-resist (STR-1045). Different types of cantilever beams incorporating PLZT films have
been successfully fabricated using ‘lift-off’ process and bulk micromachining technology. The proposed process can be advantageously
applied for the fabrication of various MEMS devices. 相似文献
An experimental study was conducted under continuous flow conditions to evaluate some of the factors influencing contaminant removal by electrocoagulation (EC). A bench-scale simulation of drinking water treatment was done by adding a filtration column after a rectangular EC reactor. Contaminant removal efficiency was determined for voltages ranging from 10 to 25 V and a comparative study was done with distilled water and tap water for two contaminants: nitrate and arsenic(V). Maximum removal efficiency was 84% for nitrate at 25 V and 75% for arsenic(V) at 20 V. No significant difference in contaminant removal was observed in tap water versus distilled water. Increase in initial As(V) concentration from 1 ppm to 2 ppm resulted in a 10% increase in removal efficiency. Turbidity in the EC reactor effluent was 52 NTU and had to be filtered to achieve acceptable levels of final turbidity (5 NTU) at steady-state. The flow regime in the continuous flow reactor was also evaluated in a tracer study to determine whether it is a plug flow reactor (PFR) or constantly stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and the results show that this reactor was close to an ideal CSTR, i.e., it was fairly well-mixed. 相似文献
The antioxidant capacity of commonly consumed cucurbits vegetable was determined by the DPPH, FRAP, Fe3+ reducing power, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. The aqueous extract of Luffa cylindrica showed the highest value of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity based on FRAP, Fe3+ reducing power, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. However, Laginaria siceraria extract showed the highest flavonoid and DPPH scavenging activities among all three cucurbits used in this study. Phenolic content in aqueous extracts of Luffa cylindrica and Laginaria siceraria was almost equal. Cucurbita maxima exhibited the lowest phenolic, flavonoid content, and exhibited the lowest power of antioxidant scavenging. The antioxidant capacity of cucurbits was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with the phenolic content of their extracts. The antioxidant capacity of Luffa cylindrica and Laginaria siceraria have also shown a significant correlation (P < 0.05). 相似文献
The Ferroelectric relaxor ternary system 0.5PZN-(0.5 – x)PFN-xBZN was prepared using the columbite precursor method. The stability of the perovskite phase was studied as a function of BZN content in the system. It was observed that BZN is a good stabilizer of perovskite phase because of the high value of electronegativity difference between its cation and anion. It has also been observed that addition of BZN increases the dielectric maxima peak value and decrease the Curie temperature of the ceramics. The ternary composition 0.5PZN-0.425PFN-0.075BZN has been identified for MLCs applications. It has a Tc of around room temperature with a peak dielectric constant 6400 and tan 0.05. The mechanical properties of relaxor materials have also been studied and reported. 相似文献