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71.
The different melting temperatures of N‐methyl morpholine N‐oxide (NMMO) hydrates in the cellulose–NMMO hydrate solution may be explained by the rather different crystal structures of NMMO hydrates, which are determined by the amount of the hydrates. The preparative process of cellulose–NMMO hydrate solution may result in cellulose structural change from cellulose I to cellulose II, depending on the amount of the hydrate. Mixtures of cellulose and NMMO hydrate in a blender was changed from the granules to slurry with increasing mixing time at 60–70°C, which is below the melting point of the NMMO hydrate. In the case of 15 wt % cellulose–NMMO hydrate granules, which were made by mixing for 20 min, the melting points of various NMMO hydrates were obtained as 77.8°C (n = 0.83), 70.2°C (n = 0.97), and 69.7°C (n = 1.23), respectively, depending on the hydrate number. However, the melting points of cellulose–NMMO hydrate slurry and solution were shifted lower than those of cellulose granules, while the mixing time of slurry and solution are 25 and 35 min, respectively. These melting behaviors indicate instantaneous liquefaction of the NMMO hydrate and the diffusion of the NMMO hydrate into cellulose during mixing in a blender. When cellulose was completely dissolved in NMMO hydrate, the crystal structure of cellulose showed only cellulose II structure. In the cellulose–NMMO products of granules or slurry obtained by high‐speed mixing, which is a new preparation method, they still retained the original cellulose I structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1687–1697, 2004 相似文献
72.
Male and female weanling rats that were born to dams fed a diet low in linolenic acid received diets of 15% lipids by weight
containing 45% elaidic acid (as trielaidin) and 8.5% or 0.1% linolenic acid for 10 weeks. Four other groups, in which palmitic
or oleic acid replaced elaidic acid in the diet, served as controls. The fatty acid profiles of several lipid classes were
determined in adipose tissue, adrenals, testes, heart and brain. Elaidic acid was incorporated into tissue lipids in varying
degrees, depending on the organ and on the lipid class. Feeding elaidic acid induced no changes in the polyunsaturated fatty
acid (PUFA) profiles of testes lipids but resulted in definite modifications of the PUFA patterns of heart phosphatidylcholine
(PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). In linolenic acid-deprived rats, arachidonic acid was decreased in PC and linoleic
acid was increased in both PC and PE; 22∶5n−6 was strongly depressed in both PC and PE. In linolenic acid-fed rats, 22∶6n−3
was decreased in PC and PE. These changes, on the whole, were more evident in females, and some also were observed in adrenal
cholesteryl esters but only slightly in brain phospholipids. the apparent inhibition of the biosynthesis of PUFA induced by
dietary elaidic acid appeared to be complex and of greater intensity in the n−6 fatty acid series than in their n−3 homologues. 相似文献
73.
The pulsed arc discharge to the surface of wastewater was applied to the degradation of a textile azo dye (Acid Red 27). A
high-voltage electrode (discharging electrode) was vertically placed above the surface of the wastewater while the wastewater
itself was grounded. The pulsed arc discharge occurred between the tip of the discharging electrode and the surface of the
wastewater, producing various oxidative species. Oxygen was used as the working gas instead of air to prevent nitrogen oxides
from forming. The effect of several parameters on the chromaticity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was examined.
The results obtained showed that the chromaticity of the wastewater was completely removed by this process and the COD also
decreased significantly. It has been found that ozone formed in the gas phase mainly affects the removal of the dye. The contribution
of other effects such as ultraviolet light emission and OH radical formation during the arc discharge to the degradation of
the dye was found to be less than 15%. For the present reactor system, the optimum pH, pulse repetition rate and agitation
speed were found to be 3.0, 110 Hz and 300 rpm, respectively. 相似文献
74.
The damage induced in 3C-SiC epilayers on a silicon wafer by 2.3-MeV Si ion irradiation for fluences of 1014, 1015, and 1016 cm−2, was studied by conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM/HRTEM). The evolution of extended defects and lattice disorder is followed in both the 3C-SiC film and Si substrate as a function of ion fluence, with reference to previous FTIR spectroscopy data. The likelihood of athermal unfaulting of native stacking faults by point defect migration to the native stacking faults is discussed in relation to damage recovery. Threshold energy densities and irradiation doses for dislocation loop formation and amorphous phase transformation are deduced from the damage depth profile by nuclear collisions. The role of electronic excitations on the damage recovery at high fluence is also addressed for both SiC and Si. 相似文献
75.
Huy Minh Dao Amit Raviraj Pillai Rishi Thakkar Sanjiv Parajuli Esteban Urena-Benavides Seongbong Jo 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2021,138(2):49665
Light-sensitive drug delivery systems are considered ideal for applications in the biomedical fields for their ability to release the payload in an on-demand spatiotemporal controlled manner through the manipulation of the light source. Among the broad radiation spectrum, near infrared (NIR) light is considered advantageous compared to UV and visible light, due to its inherently lower photodamage to normal tissues and deeper penetration to lesion areas. In this study, we report a successful synthesis of a polymer capable of undergoing partial degradation upon irradiation with NIR light by conjugating 10-N-carbamoyl linkage methylene blue (MB) moiety, a NIR photocleavable ligand, with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Through effective coupling of MB, a hydrophobic moiety, to the hydrophilic PEG molecule, an amphiphilic polymer was synthesized, as demonstrated by a lowered surface tension (55 mN/m at 0.1% wt/vol). Subsequently, photo-induced reversal of surface activity associated with self-assembled structure disruption, was displayed by surface tension measurements, size distribution analysis, and burst release profile of paclitaxel (PTX) from polymeric micelles upon the exposure to NIR irradiation. 相似文献
76.
In Part 1 of this work, the possibility of improving single-screw extruders (SSE) better dispersive mixer was explored by harnessing extensional flows provided by the hyperbolic contracting–diverging channels of extensional mixing elements (EME). Addition of the EME to the pin screw generated enhanced breakup for polymer blends and nanocomposite systems without significant penalty in flow rate. In Part 2, experiments are performed on immiscible polymer blends (low-viscosity ratio and high-viscosity ratio) and nanocomposites on both SSE and twin-screw extruder (TSE) with the same rotation speed and throughput. Morphological results show tremendous improvement in dispersive mixing capability of SSE when equipped with EME that are mainly comparable to conventional TSE that is, with kneading blocks as mixing sections, although not as good as TSEs equipped with EMEs. Mechanical results also show enhanced modulus when EME is used in SSE operations. 相似文献
77.
Micro-end-milling of single-crystal silicon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rusnaldy Tae Jo Ko Hee Sool Kim 《International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture》2007,47(14):2111-2119
Ductile-regime machining of silicon using micro-end-mill is almost impossible because of the brittle properties of silicon, crystal orientation effects, edge radius of the cutter and the hardness of tool materials. Micro-end-milling can potentially be used to create desired three dimensional (3D) free form surface features using the ductile machining technology for single-crystal silicon. There is still a lack of fundamental understanding of micro-end-milling of single-crystal silicon using diamond-coated tool, specifically basic understanding of material removal mechanism, cutting forces and machined surface integrity in micro-scale machining of silicon. In this paper, further research to understand the chip formation mechanism was conducted. An analysis was performed to discover how the chips are removed during the milling process. Brittle and ductile cutting regimes corresponding to machined surfaces and chips are discussed. Experiments have shown that single-crystal silicon can be ductile machined using micro-end-milling process. Forces generated when micro-end-milling single-crystal silicon are used to determine the performance of the milling process. Experimental results show that the dependence of the cutting force on the uncut chip thickness can be well described by a polynomial function order n. As cutting regime becomes more brittle, the cutting force has more complex function. 相似文献
78.
The 3D Morphable Model (3DMM) and the Structure from Motion (SfM) methods are widely used for 3D facial reconstruction from 2D single-view or multiple-view images. However, model-based methods suffer from disadvantages such as high computational costs and vulnerability to local minima and head pose variations. The SfM-based methods require multiple facial images in various poses. To overcome these disadvantages, we propose a single-view-based 3D facial reconstruction method that is person-specific and robust to pose variations. Our proposed method combines the simplified 3DMM and the SfM methods. First, 2D initial frontal Facial Feature Points (FFPs) are estimated from a preliminary 3D facial image that is reconstructed by the simplified 3DMM. Second, a bilateral symmetric facial image and its corresponding FFPs are obtained from the original side-view image and corresponding FFPs by using the mirroring technique. Finally, a more accurate the 3D facial shape is reconstructed by the SfM using the frontal, original, and bilateral symmetric FFPs. We evaluated the proposed method using facial images in 35 different poses. The reconstructed facial images and the ground-truth 3D facial shapes obtained from the scanner were compared. The proposed method proved more robust to pose variations than 3DMM. The average 3D Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the reconstructed and ground-truth 3D faces was less than 2.6 mm when 2D FFPs were manually annotated, and less than 3.5 mm when automatically annotated. 相似文献
79.
Output feedback of Markov jump linear systems with no mode observation: An automotive throttle application
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Alessandro N. Vargas Leonardo Acho Gisela Pujol Eduardo F. Costa João Y. Ishihara João B. R. do Val 《国际强度与非线性控制杂志
》2016,26(9):1980-1993
》2016,26(9):1980-1993
The note presents an output feedback control strategy for Markov jump linear systems with no mode observation. Based on minimizing a finite‐time quadratic cost, we derive an algorithm that generates output feedback gains that satisfy a necessary optimality condition. These gains can be computed off‐line relying only on the initial condition of the system. This result expands a previous one from the literature that considered state‐feedback only. To illustrate the usefulness of the approach, real‐time laboratory experiments were performed to control an automotive electronic throttle valve subject to Markov‐driven voltage fluctuations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
80.