The core symptoms of schizophrenia

We have compared light chain immunohistochemistry in reactive lymphoid tissue and a series of paraffin-embedded B-cell lymphomas using standard trypsin digestion with a heat mediated epitope retrieval method. Fifty-seven B-cell lymphomas (18 high grade, 29 low grade and 10 cases of nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease), two reactive lymph nodes and eight tonsils fixed for known times between 12 h and 2 years were studied. Paraffin-embedded tissue was stained with polyclonal anti-kappa and anti-lambda antibodies. For each antibody staining was performed on two sections, one treated with trypsin digestion and one with microwave heating. Sections were scored from 0 to + + + with 0 representing poor staining and + + + excellent staining. A score of ++ was considered satisfactory. Light chain restriction was recorded if present. Satisfactory staining was obtained in 34/59 cases using trypsin digestion and 56/59 cases using heat retrieval. Light chain restriction was demonstrated in 32/57 (56%) B-cell lymphomas using trypsin digestion and 52/57 (91%) using heat retrieval. Satisfactory staining was obtained in tonsils fixed for up to 48 h using trypsin digestion and up to 2 years using heat retrieval. We have shown that for light chain immunostaining a heat mediated epitope retrieval method produces more consistent and satisfactory results and is effective over a greater range of fixation times than traditional trypsin digestion.     

Comparison of calcium phosphate cement mixture and pure calcium hydroxide as direct pulp-capping agents

This review reports the different genetic factors that have been identified either as risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) or directly causing the disease. First are reviewed epidemiological data and biological mechanisms about the apoplipoprotein E gene allele epsilon 4 that is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The second part describes the mutations responsible for early-onset autosomal dominant AD found in three different genes. The gene located on chromosome 21 encodes the amyloid precusor protein (APP). The presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 genes, located on chromosome 14 and 1 respectively, encode not yet known membrane proteins.     

Increased incidence of spina bifida occulta in fluorosis prone areas

Spina bifida, a congenital deformity of the posterior wall of vertebrae of the spine, is a midline defect of skin, vertebral arches and neural tube, usually in the lumbosacral region. Its incidence is reported to be 0.2 to 0.4 per 1000 live births. Various hypotheses have been put forward as etiological factors for spina bifida including consumption of potato affected by blight and hardness of drinking water but these have not been proven. Two groups of 50 randomly chosen children were established. The study group consisted of children aged 5 to 12 years, weighing 15 to 30 kg, consuming fluoride rich drinking water (4.5 and 8.5 ppm fluoride; WHO permissible limit is 1.5 ppm fluoride), and manifesting either clinical, dental and/or skeletal fluorosis. The control group consisted of age and weight-matched children, consuming less than or equal to 1.5 ppm fluoride in drinking water and not showing any evidence of fluoride toxicity. These children were evaluated for antenatal history, general clinical examination (especially for dimples, tufts of hair, haemangioma on skin throughout the length of spine), other congenital abnormalities, evidence of fluoride toxicity, biochemical estimation for fluoride levels in blood and serum and by skiagrams of the spine to examine for the presence of spina bifida occulta. A total of 22 (44%) of the 50 children in group A, the study group, and 6 (12%) of the 50 children in group B, the control group, revealed spina bifida occulta in the lumbosacral region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Evaluation of fine needle capillary sampling in superficial and deep-seated lesions. An analysis of 670 cases

The gene rafY from the plasmid pRSD2, which enables Escherichia coli to grow on raffinose, was transferred into expression plasmid pUSL77. The protein was expressed in the porin-deficient Escherichia coli strain KS26 and was isolated and purified to homogeneity. The pure protein was reconstituted into lipid bilayer membranes. It formed an ion-permeable channel with a single-channel conductance of 2.9 nS of the open state in 1 M KCl, which is approximately twice of that of the general diffusion pores OmpF and OmpC of E. coli outer membrane. At lower pH the channel exhibited rapid flickering between three substates of the open channel. The RafY channel appears to be wide and water filled and has a small selectivity for cations over anions. Although RafY is part of an uptake and fermentation system for raffinose it does not contain a binding site for carbohydrates. Our results suggest that RafY is a general diffusion pore with a diameter, larger than that of the general diffusion porins OmpF and OmpC, that allows the diffusion of high-molecular-mass carbohydrates through the outer membrane.