Protein-energy malnutrition and oxidative injury in growing rats

1. Weaning rats were fed ad libitum isocaloric diets containing 5% and 20% casein based proteins. 5% protein diet was protein deficient diet. Pair fed rats with the 5% protein group were maintained simultaneously on 20% protein diet but the amount restricted to the amount taken up by PEM group. 2. Glutathione, antioxidative enzymes, lipid peroxidation and histopathological studies in liver and only glutathione and antioxidative enzymes in blood were carried out. 3. Rats fed the 5% protein diet developed a severe protein energy malnutrition (PEM) whereas those on pair-fed diet developed mild to moderate PEM. 4. Glutathione related thiols superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione-Stransferase with (1 Chloro 2,4-dinitro benzene (CDNB) substrate) were decreased in liver with concomitant increase of lipid peroxidation in severe PEM. In blood glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were decreased while superoxide dismutase was increased in severe PEM group. 5. Mild to moderate PEM (pair-fed group) also resulted in similar changes in liver except glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation in liver and superoxide dismutase in blood. 6. Hepatic injury was detectable only in the severe PEM group. 7. Oxidative-stress and hepatic injury occurred in severe PEM and to a lesser degree in mild to moderate PEM.     

Evaluation of nefazodone as a serotonin uptake inhibitor and a serotonin antagonist in vivo

Nefazodone (2-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-5-ethyl- 2,4-dihydro-4-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of depression. Antagonism of serotonin type 2A (5HT2A) receptors, as well as inhibition of the serotonin (5HT) uptake carrier, has been suggested to contribute to the antidepressant action of nefazodone in vivo (Eison et al., 1990). Nefazodone weakly antagonized the quipazine-induced rise in rat serum corticosterone levels and the quipazine-induced increase in rat hypothalamic 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol sulfate, suggesting blockade of 5HT2A receptors in vivo. Nefazodone, however, failed to antagonize the p-chloroamphetamine-induced depletion of mouse or rat brain 5HT, displaying a lack of effect on the 5HT uptake carrier. These data extend previous in vitro and in vivo data (Eison, et al. 1990) reporting nefazodone to be an antagonist at 5HT2A receptors, but fail to show inhibition of the 5HT uptake carrier in the same dose range.     

Human and rat primary C-fibre afferents store and release secretoneurin, a novel neuropeptide

Secretoneurin is a recently discovered neuropeptide derived from secretogranin II (SgII). Since this peptide could be detected in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord we studied whether it is localized in and released from primary afferent neurons. Secretoneurin was investigated with immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay in spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and peripheral organs. SgII mRNA was determined in dorsal root ganglia. Normal rats and rats pre-treated neonatally with capsaicin to destroy selectively polymodal nociceptive (C-) fibres were used. Slices of dorsal spinal cord were perfused in vitro for release experiments. Immunocytochemistry showed a distinct distribution of secretoneurin-immunoreactivity (IR) in the spinal cord and, lower brainstem. A particularly high density of fibres was found in lamina I and outer lamina II of the caudal trigeminal nucleus and of the spinal cord. This distribution was qualitatively identical in rat and human post-mortem tissue. Numerous small diameter and some large dorsal root ganglia neurons were found to contain SgII mRNA. Capsaicin treatment led to a marked depletion of secretoneurin-IR in the substantia gelatinosa, but not in other immunopositive areas of the spinal cord and to a substantial loss of small (< 25 microns) SgII-mRNA-containing dorsal root ganglia neurons. Radioimmunoassay revealed a significant decrease of secretoneurin-IR in the dorsal spinal cord, the trachea, heart and urinary bladder of capsaicin-treated rats. Perfusion of spinal cord slices with capsaicin as well as with 60 mM potassium led to a release of secretoneurin-IR. In conclusion, secretoneurin is a neuropeptide which is stored in and released from capsaicin-sensitive, primary afferent (C-fibre) neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Baculovirus expression of the fusion protein gene of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and utility of the recombinant protein in a diagnostic enzyme immunoassay

The fusion (F) protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was expressed by using a baculovirus vector. Antigenicity was tested by immunofluorescence analysis with F-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Antibodies to recombinant F protein raised in a rabbit neutralized BRSV and human respiratory syncytial virus infectivity when tested in a plaque reduction assay. The recombinant F protein was evaluated as a source of antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and this ELISA was compared with the virus neutralization (VN) test for detecting BRSV antibodies in 10 consecutive serum samples from four calves vaccinated with a live modified BRSV vaccine and from two nonvaccinated control calves. The ELISA with the baculovirus-expressed F protein as an antigen compared favorably with the VN test and is a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for detecting serum antibodies to BRSV.     

A concise synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of new labdane diterpenes

A new series of labdane-related diterpenes have been synthesized from (-)-sclareol and assayed in vitro cytotoxicity against mouse and human cancer cells. A key intermediate, homodrimane and furanolabdane derivatives show good in vitro cytotoxicity comparable to those of mitomycin C and adriamycin.     

Postpartum amenorrhoea in rural eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

This paper calculates the mean duration of the postpartum amenorrhoea (PPA) and examines its demographic, and socioeconomic correlates in rural north India, using data collected through 'retrospective' (last but one child) as well as 'current status' (last child) reporting of the duration of PPA. The mean duration of PPA was higher in the current status than in the retrospective data; the difference being statistically significant. However, for the same mothers who gave PPA information in both the data sets, the difference in mean duration of PPA was not statistically significant. The correlates were identical in both the data sets. The current status data were more complete in terms of the coverage, and perhaps less distorted by reporting errors caused by recall lapse. A positive relationship of the mean duration of PPA was found with longer breast-feeding, higher parity and age of mother at the birth of the child, and the survival status of the child. An inverse relationship was found with higher education of a woman, higher education of her husband and higher socioeconomic status of her household, these variables possibly acting as proxies for women's better nutritional status.     

Riboflavin-Sensitized Photodynamic UV Spectrophotometry for Ascorbic Acid Assay in Beverages

Riboflavin-sensitized photodynamic ultraviolet spectrophotometric assay of various commercial beverages was carried out. The maximum concentration of ascorbic acid for obtaining a background correction (15 min illumination and pH 7.5) was 21 μg/mL ascorbic acid in the testing solution. The upper limit of the measurement range for a straight line in the calibration graph of standard ascorbic acid was 10 μg/mL, (working range 0–10 μg/mL). The results in repeatability of the method for ascorbic acid contents in commercial fruit juices and soft-drinks showed a maximum of 4% relative standard deviation. Recovery tests with known amounts of added ascorbic acid in different fruit juices and sports drink showed the recovery of added ascorbic acid was 97.5–102.3%. Indophenol, iodine and/or HPLC methods were used in parallel to ascertain the reliability of the proposed method. This type assay could be successfully applied to many commercial beverages for determination of ascorbic acid with good accuracy, precision and reliability.