The effects of temperature on the partial wet oxidation of peat

The effects of three reaction temperatues, 180, 200 and 220°C, on the partial wet oxidation of peat were investigated. A stirred reactor with a five litre working volume and continuous feed of peat slurry and air was used for the experiments. The effluent was separated into liquid and solid fractions and analyzed to quantify the effects of temperature. The carbon content and heating value of the recovered solids increased with temperature but yields were lower. The composition of the wastewater was only slightly dependent on the reaction temperature, and in all cases contained high concentrations of organics.     

Transport and related properties of paint films. I. Composition and structure

This is the first of a series of articles on ionic and molecular transport processes and related properties of paint films. The intention is to correlate adhesion and initiation of corrosion to these relevant physical and chemical properties. Chemical formulas and structure of three vinyl–three epoxy– and one polyurethane–paint system are given in this article. Each paint has been formulated to meet appropriate military specifications. Subsequent articles will deal with dynamic mechanical properties, small angle x-ray scattering measurements of porosity, and transport properties.     

A preferred approach to the linearization of turbulent boundary-layer equations

An efficient procedure for solving the fully linearized form of the boundary-layer equations is described for turbulent flows. The procedure makes use of the so-called bordering algorithm and is applicable to problems in which the structure of the linearized system of equations deviates from the block triagonal matrix form which may be caused by boundary conditions.     

Mobile qualifizierte Signaturen in Europa

Die EU Signaturrichtlinie stellt die rechtliche ?quivalenz zwischen handschriftlichen Unterschriften und qualifizierten elektronischen Signaturen sicher. Die Komplexit?t aktueller chipkartenbasierter Signaturl?ungen und damit einhergehende M?ngel in der Benutzerfreundlichkeit verhinderten bisher oft einen breiten Einsatz elektronischer Signaturen. Die Verwendung mobiler Technologien zur sicheren Erstellung qualifizierter elektronischer Signaturen verspricht hier Abhilfe zu schaffen. Dieser Artikel stellt verschiedene Ans?tze der mobilen Signaturerstellung vor und analysiert diese bezüglich diverser rechtlicher und sicherheitstechnischer Aspekte.     

Selective deficits in reflective cognition of polydrug abusers: Preliminary findings.

The goal of this study was to determine if drug abusers exhibited specific deficits in reflective cognition similar to that observed in detoxified alcoholics who were otherwise cognitively intact. Fifteen drug abusers and 15 non-drug-abusing control participants were administered a series of cognitive tests, which assessed various learning and memory functions. Drug abusers did not differ from controls with respect to most cognitive domains. However, drug abusers exhibited selective deficits in processing unstructured information and in inhibiting intrusion errors during word recall. Such deficits in reflective functioning may play a role in the initiation of drug use or maintenance of drug dependence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Analysis of rDNA Regions of Five Freshwater Unionid Mussel Species in Presque Isle Bay,Southeastern Lake Erie

Population structure and fecundity of freshwater mussels can be difficult to assess due to the benthic habitat and complex life cycles of these organisms. However, rapid and reliable classification of unionids can be accomplished with polymerase chain reaction if species-specific DNA primers are established. In this report we describe the sequence analysis of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions from five mussel species (Amblema plicata, Fusconia flava, Lampsilis siliquoidea, Ligumia nasuta, and Pyganodon grandis) isolated from a refuge in Lake Erie. Sequence comparison revealed strong similarities between A. plicata and F. flava and between L. siliquoidea and L.nasuta. P. grandis contained regions of additional DNA not present within the other species. Our study confirmed the placement of Ligumia nasuta within the Lampsilinae. The analysis also revealed DNA sequences within the ITS1 and ITS2 regions that are species-specific. Thus, the development of species-specific PCR primers can be utilized for analysis of adult populations and for glochidia on host fish.     

Alfred Stieglitz's apples

Abstract

I have long been astonished by the silliness of Stieglitz's photographs of women with apples, despite the desperate attempts to suggest that somehow they prove him as American as apple pie. Coming across Erika and Fritz Kempe's Die Kunst der Camera im Jugendstil (Frankfurt: Umschau 1986), an excellent piece of pictorialist sourcehunting, I suddenly realized from Theodor and Oskar Hofmeister's ‘Apfelemte’ (1897) that Stieglitz was drawing upon a stock subject from German genre painting (see pl. 129). The inanities of O'Keeffe with a basket of apples next to her head and Engelhard awkwardly clutching apples to her body are just two attempts by Stieglitz to submit the two Georgias to generic fantasy.     

Selective attention and distractor frequency in naming performance: Comment on Dhooge and Hartsuiker (2010).

E. Dhooge and R. J. Hartsuiker (2010) reported experiments showing that picture naming takes longer with low- than high-frequency distractor words, replicating M. Miozzo and A. Caramazza (2003). In addition, they showed that this distractor-frequency effect disappears when distractors are masked or preexposed. These findings were taken to refute models like WEAVER++ (A. Roelofs, 2003) in which words are selected by competition. However, Dhooge and Hartsuiker do not take into account that according to this model, picture-word interference taps not only into word production but also into attentional processes. Here, the authors indicate that WEAVER++ contains an attentional mechanism that accounts for the distractor-frequency effect (A. Roelofs, 2005). Moreover, the authors demonstrate that the model accounts for the influence of masking and preexposure, and does so in a simpler way than the response exclusion through self-monitoring account advanced by Dhooge and Hartsuiker. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

ZnO with Additions of Fe2O3: Microstructure, Defects, and Fe Solubility

Zinc oxide (ZnO) crystals with additions of iron (III) oxide exhibit a characteristic inversion domain microstructure with domain boundaries on two different habit planes: parallel to {0001} basal planes and parallel to {2 1 1 5} pyramidal planes of ZnO. The structural inversion of the domains is proved by electron diffraction experiments. In the present transmission electron microscopy study, emphasis is placed on the early stages of domain formation in sintered polycrystalline material and in diffusion couples with single crystals of ZnO. For solute iron content >0.5 at.% of the cations, defects nucleate at the surface and in the interior of ZnO grains at >900°C. These primary defects propagate along the basal planes of ZnO and gradually widen in the positive c -axis direction of the ZnO host crystal. The widening along c is promoted by a second defect on {2 1 1 l } planes that moves away from the basal plane defect. The c -axis orientation in the ZnO region swept by the second defect is inverted, finally resulting in the inversion domain microstructure. A low iron content ≈0.1 at.% was measured in the inverted domains. Energy-filtered imaging and quantitative electron energy-loss spectroscopy show that the inversion domain boundaries (IDBs) parallel to the basal planes contain a full close-packed monolayer of iron whereas the pyramidal IDBs are occupied by iron with ≈2/3 of the content of the basal IDB. Based on experimental observations and arguments of structural chemistry, a mechanism is proposed explaining the nucleation and oriented growth of the inversion domains that are finally induced and driven by the trivalent iron ions at octahedral sites in the primary defects.