Note: Fire test data available for your purpose

The EUREFIC (European Reaction to Fire Classification) has produced many fire test data made available through a Data Converting System (DCS). DCS is a simple PC-based program which transfers data logger files into a standard fire test data format, given by FDMS (Fire Data Management System). DCS is also capable of transferring standard data files into data formats of common spreadsheets. The EUREFIC programme has made two models for assessing large-scale performance of test materials. These models are integrated into a PC program called CT (Cone Tools).     

Counteraction of pitting in copper water pipes by bicarbonate dosing

Copper pipes are extensively used for tap water installations and generally perform well. Exceptionally, however, copper pipes are perforated due to pitting. Three main types of pitting (I, II and III) have been identified, but as for the causes and the mechanisms these have not yet been fully clarified. Through case studies, model experiments, thermodynamic calculations, and service tests, evidence has been obtained that waters having a pitting propensity for copper pipes can be made less corrosive by an increase of the HCO content. On water treatment the following water composition should be aimed at:

• – a pH value of at least 7
• – an HCO content of at least 70 mg/l, preferably 100 mg/l
• – as low SO content as possible, or at least lower than the HCO content (both in mg/l).

     

Incremental reasoning with lazy behavioral subtyping for multiple inheritance

Object-orientation supports code reuse and incremental programming. Multiple inheritance increases the possibilities for code reuse, but complicates the binding of method calls and thereby program analysis. Behavioral subtyping allows program analysis under an open world assumption; i.e., under the assumption that class hierarchies are extensible. However, method redefinition is severely restricted by behavioral subtyping, and multiple inheritance may lead to conflicting restrictions from independently designed superclasses. This paper presents a more liberal approach to incremental reasoning for multiple inheritance under an open world assumption. The approach, based on lazy behavioral subtyping, is well-suited for multiple inheritance, as it incrementally imposes context-dependent behavioral constraints on new subclasses. We first present the approach for a simple language and show how incremental reasoning can be combined with flexible code reuse. Then this language is extended with a hierarchy of interface types which is independent of the class hierarchy. In this setting, flexible code reuse can be combined with modular reasoning about external calls in the sense that each class is analyzed only once. We formalize the approach as a calculus and show soundness for both languages.     

Cavern roof stability—mechanism of arching and stabilization by rockbolting

For stabilizing of rock cavern roof arches, tensioned rockbolts should be used with caution since they may have a negative influence on the stability of the arch. A proper design of rockbolts should therefore be based on a clear understanding of both the features of rockbolt reinforcement and the mechanism of the rock roof arch structure. For this purpose the mechanism of a rock cavern roof arch is studied and effects of different types of rockbolts are evaluated. Numerical modeling of rockbolt support of the Xiaolangdi powerhouse cavern as well as application of arching theory are carried out with the objective to study the effects of fully grouted rockbolts and tensioned cable anchors in reinforcing the cavern roof and walls, and on the forming of the roof arch.     

Using very high spatial resolution multispectral satellite sensor imagery to monitor refugee camps

Detailed geographic information is a key factor in decision making processes during refugee relief operations. The forthcoming commercial very high spatial resolution (VHSR) satellite sensors will be capable of acquiring multispectral (MS) images at spatial resolutions of 1m (panchromatic) and 4m (multispectral) of refugee camps and their environment. This work demonstrates how refugee camp environment, area and population can be analysed using a VHSR MS satellite sensor image from the Russian KVR-1000 sensor. This image, with a spatial resolution of 3.3m, was used to study Thailand's Site 2 refugee camps, which were established to accommodate Khmer refugees on the Thai-Kampuchean border. At the time of image acquisition, the total population of Site 2's five refugee camps was close to 143000. The VHSR MS image was found to be suitable for mapping the refugee camp environment and area. A statistically significant linear relationship between camp area and population was determined. Accordingly, the study suggests that VHSR MS images in general may be useful for refugee camp planning and management and points toward the utilization of forthcoming commercial VHSR MS satellite sensor images in humanitarian relief operations.     

Observable Behavior of Dynamic Systems: Component Reasoning for Concurrent Objects

Current object-oriented approaches to distributed programs may be criticized in several respects. First, method calls are generally synchronous, which leads to much waiting in distributed and unstable networks. Second, the common model of thread concurrency makes reasoning about program behavior very challenging. Models based on concurrent objects communicating by asynchronous method calls, have been proposed to combine object orientation and distribution in a more satisfactory way. In this paper, a high-level language and proof system are developed for such a model, emphasizing simplicity and modularity. In particular, the proof system is used to derive external specifications of observable behavior for objects, encapsulating their state. A simple and compositional proof system is paramount to allow verification of real programs. The proposed proof rules are derived from the Hoare rules of a standard sequential language by a semantic encoding preserving soundness and relative completeness. Thus, the paper demonstrates that these models not only address the first criticism above, but also the second.