Can questionnaire reports correctly classify relationship distress and partner physical abuse?

Relationship adjustment (e.g., Dyadic Adjustment Scale; DAS) and physical aggression (e.g., Conflict Tactics Scale) measures are used both as screening tools and as the sole criterion for classification. This study created face valid diagnostic interviews for relationship distress and physical abuse, through which one could compare preliminarily the classification properties of questionnaire reports. The DAS (and a global measure of relationship satisfaction) had modest agreement with a structured diagnostic interview; both questionnaires tended to overdiagnose distress compared with the interview. Results for partner abuse reiterated the need to go beyond occurrence of aggression as the sole diagnostic criterion, because men's aggression was more likely than women's to rise to the level of "abuse" when diagnostic criteria (injury or substantial fear) were applied. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mathematics, vocabulary, and reading development in Chinese American and European American children over the primary school years.

Forty European American (EA; 20 girls, 20 boys) and 40 second-generation Chinese American (CA; 20 girls, 20 boys) preschool and kindergarten children (mean age at Time 1?=?5.7 years) and their mothers, fathers, and teachers participated in 3 data collections (1993, 1995, and 1997) to investigate sociocultural and family factors that contribute to children's academic achievement. CA children outscored EA children in mathematics at all 3 times. Initially, EA children outscored CA children in receptive English vocabulary, but CA children caught up to EA children at Time 3. CA children were better readers than EA children at Time 3. According to parental self-reports, CA parents structured their children's time to a greater degree, used more formal teaching methods, and assigned their children more homework. Parents' work-oriented methods and child-specific beliefs at Time 1 influenced children's mathematics performance at Time 3. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

In This Issue

Summary List

In This Issue     

Recent development of polyfluorene-based RGB materials for light emitting diodes

As a continuation of our presentation at IUMRS-2000 in Hong Kong, we report the latest development of polyfluorene-based Red, Green and Blue (RGB) materials for light emitting diodes at The Dow Chemical Company. A modified Suzuki coupling process is used to synthesize RGB fluorene-based homopolymers and copolymers. Optimization of reaction conditions has led to a highly efficient procedure to generate polymers with controlled molecular weight (Mw), ranging from 10,000 to above 500,000 depending on the requirements of the desired applications. The optical and electronic properties of the polymers are tailored through selective incorporation of different aromatic units into the fluorene copolymer systems. By using this methodology, a portfolio of fluorene-based polymers has been designed and synthesized, achieving emissive colors that cover the entire visible spectrum.The performance of fluorene-based polymers in light emitting devices has been optimized by modifying the polymer compositions so as to increase charge mobilities and to improve the carrier injection balance. As a result of these compositional changes, devices based on Dow's green emitters, using bi-layer structures on indium tin oxide substrates and evaporated metal cathodes, have demonstrated unprecedented high efficiencies at high brightness levels and long lifetime performance. A device comprised of a Dow green emitting polymer has a low turn-on voltage of 2.25 V and exhibits a peak efficiency of 10.5 Cd/A at 6600 Cd/m² at 4.85 V. These devices maintain an efficiency of greater than 10.0 Cd/A up to 50,000 Cd/m²and demonstrate very good stability as exemplified by a device half-life of greater than 1500-h starting from 1100 Cd/m². Similar outstanding progress with red and blue emitters has also been made and will be discussed.     

Early postnatal handling alters glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in selected brain regions.

Long-Evans hooded rat pups were either handled or undisturbed between birth and weaning on Day 21. Following weaning, half of the Ss in each group were housed socially, and half were housed in isolation. At 120–250 days of age, [–3H]dexamethasone binding was examined. Binding was significantly higher in the hippocampus of handled than nonhandled groups. In the frontal cortex, binding was higher in the handled/socially reared Ss than in isolated Ss. There were no significant handling or housing effects found in the amygdala, hypothalamus, septum, or pituitary. Thus, early postnatal handling appears to influence the development of the glucocorticoid receptor system in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Results are discussed as providing a possible mechanism for some of the previously reported effects of early handling on the development of the pituitary-adrenal response to stress. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A compact and high throughput reactor of monolithic‐structured catalyst bed for conversion of syngas to liquid fuels

Syngas conversion is needed for the production of liquid fuels and/or chemicals from renewable or remote feedstock at capacities much smaller than the conventional Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) plant. Here, we present a multiscale‐engineered, modular‐type design approach toward the development of a compact reactor unit to make syngas‐to‐liquids economically feasible at small scales. The fundamental design idea is tested by using a Re‐Co/alumina catalyst coated on a monolith support of channel size about 0.9 mm. One‐pass CO conversion (92–98%) with <10% of CH₄ selectivity is obtained with the structured bed under typical F–T reaction conditions. The gas superficial linear velocity was found as one critical parameter that may allow scale‐up of the hydrodynamics from the small‐scale laboratory tests directly to practical sizes of the reactor with the proposed design strategy. A pore wetness and surface perspiration model is proposed to explain the experimental data and rationalize the new design concepts. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Application of ozone sprays as a strategy to improve the microbial safety and quality of salmon fillets

Ozone research investigating the efficacy of spray application mechanisms for balancing microbial safety with chemical quality attributes of high lipid content fish is lacking. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of aqueous spray treatments of 1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L ozone on the microbial and chemical quality indices of Atlantic salmon fillets inoculated with Listeria innocua as a surrogate species replacing the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. In order to simulate industry processing parameters, number of passes under spray nozzles (1, 2, and 3) was also investigated.Listeria counts resulting from treatment with three passes of 1 mg/L ozone sprays were significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) than non-ozonated controls on days 0, 3, 6, and 10 of refrigerated storage at 4 °C. At both ozone concentrations, Listeria counts were significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) by the number of passes under spray nozzles with increasing passes resulting in increasing reductions. The residual antimicrobial effectiveness of ozone at both concentrations against aerobic bacterial populations on treated samples was limited to <6 days storage at 4 °C. Lipid oxidation analyses indicate that ozone concentration did not significantly affect (p ≤ 0.05) TBARS but did influence headspace propanal with 1 mg/L ozone treatments yielding approximately 30% higher propanal values than spray treatments of 1.5 mg/L ozone. Both TBARS and propanal levels were significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) by storage time, yet the number of spray passes did not significantly affect either measure of lipid oxidation. Our results indicate that ozone sprays at concentrations up to 1.5 mg/L are effective in reducing initial counts of aerobic bacterial populations and in significantly reducing (p ≤ 0.05) counts of L. innocua without causing significant increases in lipid oxidation levels in farmed Atlantic salmon fillets during refrigerated storage at 4 °C.     

用于3D集成中的晶圆和芯片键合技术

3D集成技术包括晶圆级、芯片与晶圆、芯片与芯片工艺流程,通过器件的垂直堆叠得到其性能的提升,并不依赖于基板的尺寸和技术。所有的报道均是传输速度提高,功耗降低,性能更好及更小的外形因素等优势使得这种技术的名气大振。选择晶圆或芯片级集成的决定应基于几个关键因素的考虑。对于不同种类CMOS、非CMOS器件间的集成,芯片尺寸不匹配引发了衬底的变化(如300mm对150mm).芯片与晶圆或芯片与芯片的堆叠也许是唯一的选择。另外,当芯片的成品率明显地不同于晶圆与晶圆键合方法时,在堆叠的晶圆中难以使确认好芯片的量达到最大。在这种情况下,应将一枚或两枚晶圆划切成小芯片并仅将合格的芯片垂直地集成。只要适当地采用晶圆与晶圆键合工艺便可实现高成品率器件同类集成。晶圆间键合具有最高的生产效率,工艺流程简便及最小的成本。满足选择晶圆级或芯片级工艺总的工艺解决方案应结合对准和键合细节来考虑决定最终的设备选择和工艺特性。所有这些工艺的论证证实对于多数产品的制造3D集成是可行的,而且有些也已成为生产的主流。