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11.
12.
Shozo Koyama Yoon Ahm Kim Kenji Takeuchi Naomi Kuroiwa Tamotsu Tsukahara 《Carbon》2009,47(5):1365-503
The longstanding question as to whether carbon nanotubes are intrinsically toxic hinders their widespread industrial application. Here, we clarify the effect of impurities within such tubes through systemic studies of immunological responses in mice by monitoring and examining changes in peripheral T-cell subset and peripheral cytokine levels and histology. Contaminated and clean tubes were subcutaneously implanted in mice. The implanted tubes with impurities clearly induced immunological toxicity and localized alopecia, whereas extremely pure implanted tubes showed good biocompatibility. Our studies suggest that such high-temperature thermal treatment is an effective way to improve the biocompatibility of carbon nanotube. 相似文献
13.
Wataru Kubo Kunihiko Itoh Shozo Miyazaki David Attwood 《Drug development and industrial pharmacy》2013,39(8):819-825
ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of an in situ gelling pectin formulation as a vehicle for the oral sustained delivery of theophylline and cimetidine. In vitro studies demonstrated diffusion-controlled release of theophylline from 1, 1.5, and 2% w/v pectin gels. Release of this drug from 1.5% w/v pectin gels formed in situ in rabbit stomach was sustained over a period of 12 hours giving a theophylline bioavailability some seven fold higher than when administered from a commercial syrup. In contrast, interactions between cimetidine and pectin led to weak gelation of the pectin sols that prevented any meaningful determination of in vitro release characteristics. Similarly, in vivo release profiles from pectin formulations containing cimetidine were similar to that from a solution of this drug in buffer, indicative of weak gelation. Examination of the content of the rabbit stomach 5 hours after administration of 1.5% w/v pectin sols containing drug confirmed gel formation, but gels containing cimetidine were noticeably softer than those containing theophylline. 相似文献
14.
Hiroyuki Yoshida Takeshi Kataoka Mamoru Nango Shozo Ohta Nobuhiko Kuroki Masako Maekawa 《应用聚合物科学杂志》1986,32(3):4185-4196
The dyeing process for a cellulose membrane–direct dye system is analyzed based on a parallel transport mechanism of surface and pore diffusion with Freundlich isotherm. Numerical solutions were obtained in order to clarify how the surface and pore diffusion resistances affect the uptake curve. The numerical solutions were also compared with an analytical solution for surface diffusion control to establish the range where the analytical solution can be considered as an acceptable approximation. The uptake curves in the cellulose membrane-chromophore (C.I. Direct Yellow 12) system in the presence of inorganic electrolyte were measured. The rate of adsorption and the maximum amount of adsorption increased with an increase in the concentration of those electrolytes. The rate of adsorption was approximately controlled by the surface diffusion rather than by pore diffusion. The surface diffusivities of the dye were little affected by either the concentration and or nature of the electrolyte. 相似文献
15.
Shimada Y Chow LC Takagi S Tagami J 《Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology》2010,115(4):233-241
Previous studies reported premixed calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) that were stable in the package and form hydroxyapatite (HA) as the product after exposure to an aqueous environment. These cements had setting times of greater than 60 min, which are too long to be useful for some clinical applications. The present study investigated properties of fast-setting HA-forming premixed CPCs that initially consisted of two separate premixed pastes: (1) finely ground (1.0 μm in median size) dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) mixed with an aqueous NaH(2)PO(4) solution, 1.5 mol/L or 3.0 mol/L in concentration, and (2) tetracalcium phosphate consisting of combinations of particles of two different size distributions, 5 μm (TTCP5) and 17 μm (TTCP17) in median size, mixed with glycerin. Equal volume of Pastes 1 and 2 were injected with the use of atwo-barrel syringe fitted with a static mixer into sample molds. The molar Ca/P ratio of combined paste was approximately 1.5. Cements were characterized in terms of setting time (Gilmore needle), diametral tensile strength (DTS), and phase composition (powder x-ray diffraction, XRD). Setting times were found to range from (4.3 ± 0.6 to 68 ± 3) min (mean ± sd; n = 3), and 1-d and 7-d DTS values were from (0.89 ± 0.08 to 2.44 ± 0.16) MPa (mean ± sd; n = 5). Both the NaH(2)PO(4) concentration and TTCP particle size distribution had significant (p < 0.01) effects on setting time and DTS. Powder XRD analysis showed that low crystallinity HA and unreacted DCPA were present in the 1-day specimens, and the extent of HA formation increased with increasing amount of TTCP5 in the TTCP paste. CONCLUSION: Injectable HA-forming premixed CPCs with setting times from 4 to 70 min can be prepared by using DCPA and TTCP as the ingredients. Compared to the conventional powder liquid cements, these premixed CPCs have the advantages of being easy to use and having a range of hardening times. 相似文献
16.
Takagi S Frukhtbeyn S Chow LC Sugawara A Fujikawa K Ogata H Hayashi M Ogiso B 《Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology》2010,115(4):267-276
This study reports for the first time in vitro and in vivo properties of fluorapatite (FA)-forming calcium phosphate cements (CPCs). The experimental cements contained from (0 to 3.1) mass % of F, corresponding to presence of FA at levels of approximately (0 to 87) mass %. The crystallinity of the apatitic cement product increased greatly with the FA content. When implanted subcutaneously in rats, the in vivo resorption rate decreased significantly with increasing FA content. The cement with the highest FA content was not resorbed in soft tissue, making it the first known biocompatible and bioinert CPC. These bioinert CPCs might be useful for applications where slow or no resorption of the implant is required to achieve the desired clinical outcome. 相似文献
17.
Yoshiyuki Ueshima Shozo Mizoguchi Tooru Matsumiya Hiroyuki Kajioka 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》1986,17(4):845-859
Solute distribution in dendrites during solidification of carbon steel was analyzed by unidirectional solidification experiments
and mathematical analysis. The characteristic of the mathematical analysis is that diffusion of solutes in solid and redistribution
of solutes at solid/liquid andδ/γ interfaces are taken into consideration. Based on the observed and calculated results, it was found that phosphorus was redistributed
fromγ-phase toδ-phase, and that manganese was slightly redistributed fromδ-phase toγ-phase. Therefore the concentrated region of phosphorus can be separated from that of manganese duringδ/γ transformation in the case of slow cooling. Moreover, it was concluded that rapid diffusion inδ-phase and the redistribution duringδ/γ transformation played an important role in the variation of the interdendritic concentrations of solutes with lower carbon
concentration. 相似文献
18.
Seigo Ito Takayuki Kitamura Yuji Wada Shozo Yanagida 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2003,76(1):3-13
A chemical dispersing technique for preparing a coating paste of TiO2 nanoparticles is disclosed to fabricate mesoporous electrodes for dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells. The suspension of TiO2 (P-25) powder was stirred in aqueous nitric acid at 80°C, and then evaporated to dryness, giving the nitric acid-adsorbed P-25 powder. The coating paste was obtained by mixing the nitric acid-adsorbed P-25 with PEG (Mw 20,000) as a porosity-controlling agent and cellulosic polymer as a thickener. The mesoporous TiO2 films were fabricated on conducting glasses by repetitive coating and calcined at 500°C (30 min). The TiO2 film obtained by the five times repetitive coating (20 μm thickness) resulted in the 1.4 times higher energy conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cells than that of the one time coating TiO2 film (Voc=690 mV, Jsc=12.2 mA/cm2, the fill FACTOR=0.71 and η=6.0%). 相似文献
19.
Keiji Nakajima Hajime Hasegawa Sakhob Khumkoa Shozo Mizoguchi 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2003,34(5):539-547
In order to elucidate the nature of the heterogeneous nucleation, a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis
of pure Fe and Fe-Ni alloys (Ni content: 1.0 to 29.3 mass pct) containing TiN, Al2O3, and Ti2O3 was conducted. Then, special attention was paid to the difference in the phase of the primary crystal nucleated by the triggering
effect of a catalyst (nucleating agent). The solidification and transformation mode appearing during cooling in these alloys
is classified into three cases: F mode, FA mode, and A mode. The change of modes and the critical undercooling (ΔT) depend on the kind of catalyst used as well as the chemical composition (Ni content). In addition, in spite of the kind
of primary crystal, the value of ΔT is always small in the order of TiN, Al2O3, and Ti2O3. As a matter of fact, only TiN has a practical effect as a catalyst on the triggered nucleation of the primary crystal of
the δ phase. None of them has a practical effect on the nucleation of the primary crystal of the γ phase.
This article is based on a presentation given in the Mills Symposium entitled “Metals, Slags, Glasses: High Temperature Properties
& Phenomena,” which took place at The Institute of Materials in London, England, on August 22–23, 2002. 相似文献
20.
Shozo Tamaki 《Journal of microscopy》1976,106(3):311-323
Results of experiments in which tungsten was irradiated in situ in the field-ion microscope with inert gas ions are described. Tungsten field-ion specimens were irradiated at 78 K with ions in the 0.5–9 keV energy range. Sputtering and displacement of surface atoms which had occurred during irradiation were observed directly in field-ion images. Large scale damage such as vacancy clusters were rarely found. From the ion acceleration voltage and the accommodation coefficient, the displacement energy of tungsten surface atoms in the electric field of about 44 MV/mm is estimated as nearly 22 eV. Damage was observed on the shielded side of the tip apex as well as on the ion incident side, and this fact is discussed in comparison with the channelling of ions in tungsten. 相似文献