Retention of folates in cooked,stored and reheated peas,broccoli and potatoes for use in modern large-scale service systems

This study aimed to evaluate retention of folate in vegetables caused by different processes used in modern large-scale service systems and the food industry. The concentration of folates present in raw samples of peas, broccoli and potatoes was measured during different cooking methods, warm and cold holding and reheating. The main folate forms in vegetables, tetrahydrofolates and 5-methyltetrahydrofolates, were analysed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.     

Norwegian‐grown Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.): morphology and content of sugars and fructo‐oligosaccharides in stems and tubers

BACKGROUND: Two field trials growing Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) are discussed. Twenty genetic variants were compared in order to find genotypes suitable for Norwegian production. A second trial investigated the above‐ground part of early and late variants. RESULTS: The highest yield (28.7 t ha^?1) and highest amount of tubers per plant was obtained in early variants, e.g. the white Tysnes gave 1.72 kg tubers plant^?1. Early variants had a markedly lower portion of smooth tubers. Late variants gave the most preferable tuber shape, but low yield. Only a weak correlation was found between dry matter content and total content of fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS) (r = 0.255) in the tubers. The mean content of FOS including sucrose through all variants was found to be 116 g kg^?1 fresh weight (FW) or 550 g kg^?1 dry weight (DW). The average chain length of FOS in the tubers was found to be DP3.9. There was no difference in tuber FOS content between early and late variants. The highest above‐ground amount biomass was found for the late variants when harvested in September. The content of soluble carbohydrates was found to be highest in stalks in August (sucrose and FOS major compounds). CONCLUSION: Early variants give the highest tuber yield under Norwegian growing conditions. Late variants give highest above‐ground biomass. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

An aspect-oriented methodology for designing secure applications

We propose a methodology, based on aspect-oriented modeling (AOM), for incorporating security mechanisms in an application. The functionality of the application is described using the primary model and the attacks are specified using aspects. The attack aspect is composed with the primary model to obtain the misuse model. The misuse model describes how much the application can be compromised. If the results are unacceptable, then some security mechanism must be incorporated into the application. The security mechanism, modeled as security aspect, is composed with the primary model to obtain the security-treated model. The security-treated model is analyzed to give assurance that it is resilient to the attack.     

Eliciting security requirements and tracing them to design: an integration of Common Criteria, heuristics, and UMLsec

Building secure systems is difficult for many reasons. This paper deals with two of the main challenges: (i) the lack of security expertise in development teams and (ii) the inadequacy of existing methodologies to support developers who are not security experts. The security standard ISO 14508 Common Criteria (CC) together with secure design techniques such as UMLsec can provide the security expertise, knowledge, and guidelines that are needed. However, security expertise and guidelines are not stated explicitly in the CC. They are rather phrased in security domain terminology and difficult to understand for developers. This means that some general security and secure design expertise are required to fully take advantage of the CC and UMLsec. In addition, there is the problem of tracing security requirements and objectives into solution design, which is needed for proof of requirements fulfilment. This paper describes a security requirements engineering methodology called SecReq. SecReq combines three techniques: the CC, the heuristic requirements editor HeRA, and UMLsec. SecReq makes systematic use of the security engineering knowledge contained in the CC and UMLsec, as well as security-related heuristics in the HeRA tool. The integrated SecReq method supports early detection of security-related issues (HeRA), their systematic refinement guided by the CC, and the ability to trace security requirements into UML design models. A feedback loop helps reusing experience within SecReq and turns the approach into an iterative process for the secure system life-cycle, also in the presence of system evolution.     

4‐Alkylated Silver–N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes with Cytotoxic Effects in Leukemia Cells

Computational chemistry has shown that backbone‐alkylated imidazoles ought to be efficient ligands for transition metal catalysts with improved carbene‐to‐metal donation. In this work, such alkylated imidazoles were synthesized and complexed with silver(I) by means of an eight/nine‐step synthetic pathway we devised to access a new class of biologically active silver complexes. The synthesis involves selective iodination of the imidazole backbone, followed by Sonogashira coupling to replace the backbone iodine. The installed alkyne moiety is then subjected to reductive hydrogenation with Pearlman’s catalyst. The imidazole N1 atom is arylated by the palladium‐catalyzed Buchwald N‐arylation method. The imidazole N3 position was then methylated with methyl iodine, whereupon the synthesis was terminated by complexation of the imidazolium salt with silver(I) oxide. The synthetic pathway provided an overall yield of ≈20 %. The resulting complexes were tested in vitro against HL60 and MOLM‐13 leukemic cells, two human‐derived cell lines that model acute myeloid leukemia. The most active compounds exhibiting low IC₅₀ values of 14 and 27 μM , against HL60 and MOLM‐13 cells, respectively. The imidazole side chain was found to be essential for high cytotoxicity, as the imidazole complex bearing a C₇ side chain at the 4‐position was four‐ to sixfold more potent than the corresponding imidazole elaborated with a methyl group.     

Indicators for the finger doses in interventional radiology

Finger doses and other factors have been recorded in order to investigate parameters that could be used to assess the likely level of finger doses of interventional radiologists. A relatively good correlation between finger dose and dose-area product was found regardless of the type of procedure. The correlation between finger dose and screening time was less significant. Very significant correlation between finger doses and the personal dosemeter reading outside the lead apron was found. This strongly suggests that personal dosemeter worn outside the lead apron can serve as a screening device for finger or hand doses to the radiologists. For radiologists, surgeons and cardiologists likely to receive an annual personal dose reading of more than 20 mSv measured outside the lead apron, doses to the hands are likely to be higher than 50 mSv. In these cases, monitoring of finger doses is recommended to establish dose levels.     

Application of indigenous strains of lactic acid bacteria for semi‐industrial production of autochthonous Montenegrin Njeguši cheese

Most of the traditional dairy products of south‐eastern Europe are produced from unpasteurised milk without addition of selected starter cultures. These artisanal products have an interesting biodiversity of indigenous microbiota. In Montenegro, one of the most popular traditional cheeses is Njegu?i cheese, belonging to the group of hard cheeses. Most of the cheeses are produced from ewes' milk, but cows' milk is also widely used. In Montenegro, there are no existing legal regulations defining the specificities of the production or the raw material used for the production of autochthonous food products. Therefore, the producers make the decision about what type of milk to use for cheese production. One of the priorities of the food producers in Montenegro is to obtain a larger scale, standardised production of traditional food products, which are of good quality and considered safe for the consumers. Therefore, in this study, indigenous strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from various Montenegrin artisanal dairy products were tested as starter cultures for the production of Njegu?i cheese. Three isolates were selected and used as starter cultures in pilot plant experiments for the production of Njegu?i cheese. When applying an adequate combination of added bacterial strains as starters, the flavour of Njegu?i cheese, produced under pilot plant conditions, was comparable to that of the artisanal origin.     

The bacterial flora of fresh and chill-stored pork: analysis by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes

The composition of the initial bacterial flora of pork and the development of the flora after storage at +4 degrees C for 4 days were analysed by amplification, cloning and sequencing of 16S rDNA. A total of 122 clones were obtained, with lengths of > or =400 nucleotides and > or =95% similarity to database sequences. Nineteen clones were similar to sequences in database not assigned to any genera. Fourteen different genera were represented in clones from fresh meat, with 36.5% of the clones most resembling Acinetobacter and 17.3% resembling Staphylococcus and Macrococcus. After storage, the clones were composed of six different genera, with 44.3% resembling Pseudomonas, 17.1% resembling Aeromonas and only 14.3% resembling Acinetobacter. This study shows that the overall pattern of the initial and chill-stored pork flora, as shown by a molecular approach, was in agreement with results obtained in previous studies using traditional cultivation methods.