Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue.

Two empirical studies examined need for recovery (i.e., a person's desire to be temporarily relieved from demands in order to restore his or her resources) as a mediator in the relationship between poor job characteristics (high job demands, low job control) and high off-job demands, on the one hand, and fatigue and poor individual well-being, on the other hand. Multilevel data from a daily survey study in the health service sector (Study 1) showed that high job demands, low job control, and unfavorable off-job activities predicted a high need for recovery. Need for recovery in turn was negatively related to individual well-being. A large-scale survey with a representative sample of the Dutch working population (Study 2) confirmed these findings for fatigue. In both studies, need for recovery mediated the effects of job characteristics and off-job activities on fatigue and poor well-being, respectively. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Flight Attendants' Daily Recovery From Work: Is There No Place Like Home?

This article builds on earlier work on recovery from work during off-job time and specifically addresses recovery in flight attendants, a group of employees whose work is characterized by a high degree of emotion work demands. Forty-seven flight attendants completed daily surveys on a total of 4 evenings when they stayed at home or when they stayed in a hotel. Multilevel analysis showed staying in a hotel did not impair well-being at bedtime. Spending time on work-related activities during off-job time decreased well-being, whereas spending time on physical activities (i.e., sports) and experiencing off-job time activities as recovery improved well-being, also when initial well-being immediately after work was controlled. Time spent on social activities increased depression during the evening. As a whole, this study largely confirms findings from previous research with other professional groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Did you have a nice evening?" A day-level study on recovery experiences, sleep, and affect.

In this study, the authors used a within-person design to examine the relation between recovery experiences (psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery experiences) during leisure time, sleep, and affect in the next morning. Daily survey data gathered over the course of 1 work week from 166 public administration employees analyzed with a hierarchical linear modeling approach showed that low psychological detachment from work during the evening predicted negative activation and fatigue, whereas mastery experiences during the evening predicted positive activation and relaxation predicted serenity. Sleep quality showed relations with all affective states variables. This study adds to research on job-stress recovery and affect regulation by showing which specific experiences from the nonwork domain may improve affect before the start of the next working day. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Feeling recovered and thinking about the good sides of one’s work.

Consistent with a positive psychology perspective, this longitudinal study investigated relations between positive and negative nonwork experiences (i.e., feeling recovered, thinking about the positive and negative aspects of one’s work during leisure time) with different job performance dimensions. In total, 358 employees working with persons with special needs responded to two questionnaires at an interval of 6 months. Results from hierarchical regression analyses showed that feeling recovered during leisure time predicted an increase in task performance after 6 months. This relation was mediated by occupational self-efficacy. Positive work reflection was found to predict an increase in proactive behavior (personal initiative, creativity) and organizational citizenship behavior. Negative work reflection was unrelated to job performance. Our results emphasize the role of positive nonwork experiences for employees’ job performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mapping tree and shrub leaf area indices in an ombrotrophic peatland through multiple endmember spectral unmixing

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter used by most process-oriented ecosystem models. LAI of forest ecosystems has routinely been mapped using spectral vegetation indices (SVI) derived from remote sensing imagery. The application of SVI-based approaches to map LAI in peatlands presents a challenge, mainly due to peatlands characteristic multi-layer canopy comprising shrubs and open, discontinuous tree canopies underlain by a continuous ground cover of different moss species, which reduces the greenness contrast between the canopy and the background.Our goal is to develop a methodology to map tree and shrub LAI in peatlands and similar ecosystems based on multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA). This new mapping method is validated using LAI field measurements from a precipitation-fed (ombrotrophic) peatland near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. We demonstrate first that three commonly applied SVI are not suitable for tree and shrub LAI mapping in ombrotrophic peatlands. Secondly, we demonstrate for a three-endmember model the limitations of traditional linear spectral mixture analysis (SMA) due to the unique and widely varying spectral characteristics of Sphagnum mosses, which are significantly different from vascular plants. Next, by using a geometric-optical radiative transfer model, we determine the nature of the equation describing the empirical relationship between shadow fraction and tree LAI using nonlinear ordinary least square (OLS) regression. We then apply this equation to describe the empirical relationships between shadow and shrub fractions obtained from mixture decomposition with SMA and MESMA, respectively, and tree and shrub LAI, respectively. Less accurate fractions obtained from SMA result in weaker relationships between shadow fraction and tree LAI (R² = 0.61) and shrub fraction and shrub LAI (R² = 0.49) compared to the same relationships based on fractions obtained from MESMA with R² = 0.75 and R² = 0.68, respectively. Cross-validation of tree LAI (R² = 0.74; RMSE = 0.48) and shrub LAI (R² = 0.68; RMSE = 0.42) maps using fractions from MESMA shows the suitability of this approach for mapping tree and shrub LAI in ombrotrophic peatlands. The ability to account for a spectrally varying, unique Sphagnum moss ground cover during mixture decomposition and a two layer canopy is particularly important.     

Exploration strategies, performance, and error consequences when learning a complex computer task

When trying to learn a complex task, people can use different strategies. They can use systematic exploration in which they take on an active approach to discover the computer functions and make use of problem solving steps such as planning, evaluation of feedback, and control of emotion and motivation. Alternatively, they can use non-systematic strategies like trial-and-error, rigid exploration, and encapsulation in information seeking. This study examined whether the exploration strategies were related to error consequences and performance when people learned a new computer program. Strategies were assessed by means of coding. Analysis showed strong correlations between strategies, error consequences, and task performance. These results can have implications for training design and human reliability in dealing with complex devices.     

Work, recovery activities, and individual well-being: A diary study.

This study extends previous research on respite from work and addresses the question of how individuals use their leisure time to recover from work. It is hypothesized that time spent on work-related and household activities has a negative effect on well-being, whereas low-effort, social, and physical activities are assumed to have a positive effect. One hundred Dutch teachers completed a diary on leisure time activities and situational well-being for 5 days, and work situation variables were assessed with a questionnaire. Multilevel analyses in which preleisure well-being and work situation variables were entered as control variables supported 4 of the 5 hypotheses. Moreover, a lagged effect of high time pressure on poor situational well-being was found. The study showed that leisure time activities and a low-stress work situation contribute independently to an individual's well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work.

Drawing on the mood regulation and job-stress recovery literature, four self-report measures for assessing how individuals unwind and recuperate from work during leisure time were developed (Study 1). Confirmatory factor analyses with a calibration and a cross-validation sample (total N=930) showed that four recovery experiences can be differentiated: psychological detachment from work, relaxation, mastery, and control (Study 2). Examination of the nomological net in a subsample of Study 2 (N=271) revealed moderate relations of the recovery experiences with measures of job stressors and psychological well-being; relations with coping and personality variables were generally low (Study 3). Potential applications for the future use of these short 4-item measures in longitudinal and diary research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rethinking the effects of stressors: A longitudinal study on personal initiative.

This study examined the relationship between stressors at work and personal initiative (PI), one proactive concept of extra-role performance. Using a control theory framework to describe the stress process, the authors hypothesized that stressors should be positively related to PI. This departs from findings of negative relationships between stressors and other types of performance. Furthermore, curvilinear relationships were tested. The analyses, based on 4 measurement waves of a longitudinal field study with 172 to 193 participants, showed that stressors were positively related to subsequent changes in PI; there was no support for a curvilinear relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Expertise in professional software design: a process study

Forty professional software designers participated in a study in which they worked on a software design task and reported strategies for accomplishing that task. High performers were identified by a peer-nomination method and performance on a design. Verbal protocol analysis based on a comparison of 12 high and 12 moderate performers indicated that high performers structured their design process by local planning and showed more feedback processing, whereas moderate performers were more engaged in analyzing requirements and verbalizing task-irrelevant cognitions. High performers more often described problem comprehension and cooperation with colleagues as useful strategies. High and moderate performers did not differ with respect to length of experience. None of the differences between the two performance groups could be explained by length of experience.