Factors Impacting the Formation of 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters During Deep Fat Frying of Chicken Breast Meat

The effect of the frying temperature, frying duration and the addition of NaCl on the formation of 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters (GE) in palm olein after deep frying was examined in this study. The eight frying systems were deep‐fat frying (at 160 and 180 °C) of chicken breast meat (CBM) (with 0, 1, 3 and 5% sodium chloride, NaCl) for 100 min/day for five consecutive days. All oil samples collected after each day were analyzed for 3‐MCPD ester, GE, and free fatty acid (FFA) contents, specific extinctions at 232 and 268 nm (K₂₃₂ and K₂₆₈), p‐anisidine value (pA), and fatty acid composition. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the 3‐MCPD esters and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the GE with the increasing of the frying duration. There were significant (p < 0.05) increases in the 3‐MCPD esters formed when the concentration of NaCl increased from 0 to 5%. The addition of NaCl to the CBM during deep frying had no significant effect on the GE generation. The FFA contents, K₂₃₂ and K₂₆₈ and pA showed that all the frying oils were within the safety limit.     

Factors affecting bulk to total bacteria ratio in drinking water distribution systems

Bacteria in drinking water systems can grow in bulk water and as biofilms attached to pipe walls, both causing regrowth problems in the distribution system. While studies have focused on evaluating the factors influencing the bacteria in bulk water and in biofilms separately, there is a need for understanding biofilm characteristics relative to the bulk water phase. The current study evaluated the effects of chlorine and residence time on the presence of culturable bacteria in biofilms relative to that in bulk water. The results showed that when no chlorine residual was present in the system, the median ratio of bulk to total bacteria was 0.81, indicating that 81% of the bacteria were present in bulk water, whereas only 19% were present in the biofilm. As chlorine concentration increased to 0.2, 0.5, and 0.7 mg/L, the median percentage of bacteria present in bulk water decreased to 37, 28, and 31, respectively. On the other hand, as the residence times increased to 8.2, 12, 24, and 48h, the median percentage of bacteria present in bulk water increased to 7, 37, 58, and 88, respectively, in the presence of a 0.2mg/L chlorine residual. The common notion that biofilms dominate the distribution system is not true under all conditions. These findings suggest that bulk water bacteria may dominate in portions of a distribution system that have a low chlorine residual.     

Evolution of mechanical and electrical properties of tin-lead and lead free solder to copper joint interface

Cu-(Sn37Pb) and Cu-(Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu) solder joints were prepared at the same reflow temperature of 230 °C. The microstructural observation of the solder assemblies in scanning and transmission electron microscopes confirmed the presence of η-Cu₆Sn₅ in case of the former, and Cu₃Sn + η-Cu₆Sn₅ for the latter in the reaction zone. The findings are correlated with the electrical and mechanical properties of the joints. Lead free solder-Cu joint exhibited lower reaction zone thickness and improved electrical conductivity (0.28 × 10⁶Ω^− 1 cm^− 1) and shear strength ∼ 68MPa compared to conventional lead-tin solder-Cu joint. The latter showed electrical conductivity and shear strength of 0.22 × 10⁶Ω^− 1 cm^− 1 and ∼ 55 MPa, respectively. The difference in reaction zone thickness is explained on the basis of melt superheat, with Sn being the primary diffusing species in the intermetallic layer.     

CdS:Mn nanorods: solvothermal synthesis and properties

Manganese (0.05-9 mol.%) doped CdS nanorods were synthesized via solvothermal route using ethylenediamine (En) and a mixture of En and water as the solvents. The diameters and the lengths of the doped CdS nanorods varied from 40-100 nm and 600-2500 nm, respectively, with change in the composition of the solvents. The broad photoluminescence (PL) emission from the undoped CdS nanorods centered at approximately 535 nm is found to be blue shifted to 516 nm with the incorporation of Mn in the CdS crystal structure. Also increase in the intensity of the PL was noticed in the Mn doped CdS nanorods for both the solvent systems. Maximum PL intensity was observed for 1 mol.% Mn in case of En system and for 0.5 mol.% Mn in case of En/water system, above which quenching occurred as a result of Mn-Mn clustering. EPR study revealed six-line hyperfine splitting for low Mn concentration in both solvent systems. Increase in the Mn concentration caused EPR signal broadening due to Mn-Mn clustering.     

Inability to start hemodialysis after a smooth temporary hemodialysis catheter insertion procedure

Cannulation of the central vein for placement of the temporary dual-lumen catheter for hemodialysis can usually be safely and reliably performed under ultrasonographic guidance. Here, we report a case of aberrant catheter entry into the internal thoracic vein during an apparently smooth procedure. The value of sonographic guidance, together with fluoroscopy with or without venography, will be discussed.     

Sustained desensitization of hypothalamic 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A receptors after discontinuation of fluoxetine: inhibited neuroendocrine responses to 8-hydroxy-2-(Dipropylamino)Tetralin in the absence of changes in Gi/o/z proteins

Long-term exposure to fluoxetine produces a desensitization of hypothalamic postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1A receptors, indicated by a substantial inhibition of the 5-HT1A receptor-mediated stimulation of oxytocin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. The present study investigated the time course and mechanism of this desensitization after discontinuation of fluoxetine administration. Male rats were injected with saline or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 14 days and were challenged with a 5-HT1A agonist, [8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) 50 microg/kg, s.c.] 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, or 60 days post-treatment. In control animals, 8-OH-DPAT significantly increased (approximately 15-fold) plasma levels of oxytocin and ACTH. At 2 days post-treatment, oxytocin and ACTH responses to 8-OH-DPAT were reduced by 74% and 68%, respectively. During further withdrawal from fluoxetine, there was a gradual increase in the oxytocin response toward control levels. However, even 60 days after discontinuation of fluoxetine, the oxytocin response was still significantly reduced by 26% compared with controls. In contrast, the suppressed ACTH response to 8-OH-DPAT (a less-sensitive indicator of desensitization) gradually returned to control levels by day 14 of withdrawal from fluoxetine. Interestingly, the sustained reductions in the hormone responses occurred in the absence of reductions in Gz or Gi protein levels in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, this desensitization was sustained in the absence of detectable levels of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in plasma and brain tissue. These findings suggest that the sustained desensitization of hypothalamic 5-HT1A receptor systems, observed during fluoxetine withdrawal, may be due to altered interactions among the protein components of the 5-HT1A receptor system, rather than their absolute levels.     

Hysteresis loss in filled rubber vulcanizates and its relationship with heat generation

A relationship between heat generation of filled rubber vulcanizates and hysteresis loss, specific heat, thermal conductivity, modulus, filler loading, structure, and surface area of the filler, the temperature difference between application temperature and glass transition temperature, frequency, temperature difference between the wall and the environment, stress, and stroke amplitude were developed. Styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were used that had variations of loading of carbon black, silica, resin and coupling agent, types of filler, level of curatives, and cure time. The derived equation was verified with a set of a few unknown SBR and NR vulcanizates, and also by varying the stress and stroke amplitudes in the heat generation experiment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 1541–1555, 1997     

Removal of sulfur from Assam coal by bacterial conditioning and froth flotation

Reduction of sulfur by bacterial leaching from a high sulfur‐bearing coal sample from Assam was attempted. Flotation of the sample with light diesel oil could not depress the pyrite and also the Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was found to be ineffective in leaching the sulfur from the flotation concentrate. Conditioning of the same coal sample with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was found to assist in selectively depressing the pyrite, thereby reducing nearly 60% of the pyritic sulfur present in the sample. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Improvement of gastroprotective and anti-ulcer effect of kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions in rats

Food Science and Biotechnology - Kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions (KSON) and kenaf seed oil-in-water macroemulsions were produced to access their gastroprotective effect against indomethacin-...     

Antioxidative activity of some vegetable peels determined in vitro by inducing liver lipid peroxidation

Vegetable peels are normally thrown away as kitchen wastes. In order to reveal their possible biological value, an in vitro investigation was performed on the antioxidative potential of some peel extracts such as Luffa cylindrica (Lc), Raphanus sativus (Rs), Daucus carota (Dc), Pisum sativum (Ps) and Trichosanthes dioica (Td) in ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver, the major target organ of any drug. Effects were compared with that of a known antioxidant, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA). A dose dependent inhibition was observed in all three, FeSO₄, H₂O₂ and CCl₄ induced hepatic LPO. However, with respect to one test peel (Rs), the two lower doses (125 and 250 μg/ml) were found to be ineffective. We suggest that the test peels have the potential to inhibit the lipid peroxidation and the observed differential antiperoxidative effects of the test peels could be the result of their poly phenol and flavonoid contents.