Performance analysis of a DS/CDMA system with noncoherent M-aryorthogonal modulation in Nakagami fading

The probability of error performance of a direct sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) system employing noncoherent M-ary orthogonal signaling in a Nakagami multipath fading channel is analyzed. A RAKE receiver structure with square-law demodulation is used at the receiver. The multiple-access interference are modeled as Gaussian and expressions derived for the exact probability of error. The performance is also evaluated in terms of the number of users that can be supported by the system at a given probability of error. The effect of correlated fading on system performance is also investigated by considering two correlation models, which can be characterized by a single correlation coefficient ρ. In the first model, the correlation coefficient between any two diversity branches is constant. In the second model, it is assumed that the correlation coefficient between any two diversity branches decreases exponentially as the separation between them increases. For both models, it is found that the presence of correlation deteriorates system performance. The use of larger signal alphabets than binary modulation in conjunction with diversity reception provides a considerable performance improvement even in the presence of correlated fading     

Acute behavioral effects of estazolam and triazolam in non-drug-abusing volunteers.

The present study compared the acute behavioral, participant-rated and observer-rated effects of estazolam and triazolam in 7 healthy, non–drug-abusing humans. Placebo, estazolam (1, 2, and 4 mg), and triazolam (0.125, 0.25, and 0.50 mg) were administered orally in a double-blind, crossover design. Estazolam and triazolam produced orderly dose- and time-related impairment of learning and performance and produced sedative-like participant-rated and observer-rated effects. The absolute magnitude of estazolam's and triazolam's effects at peak effect was comparable across these measures. Triazolam, but not estazolam, impaired immediate and delayed picture recall. The greater effects of triazolam than of estazolam on immediate and delayed picture recall should be viewed cautiously because subtle differences between these drugs in terms of time-to-peak plasma levels may be a confound. Future research should attempt to more thoroughly establish the time–action function of estazolam and triazolam on tasks like picture recall and recognition and determine if the drugs differ at peak effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Natural plant enzyme inhibitors: A comparative study of the action of legume inhibitors on human and bovine pancreatic proteinases

Inhibition of total proteolytic (caseinolytic), tryptic (by hydrolysis of benzoyl arginine p-nitroanilide) and chymotrypic (by hydrolysis of acetyl tryosine ethyl ester) activities by ten species of legume seeds on human and bovine pancreatic proteases were compared. Sword bean extract had a negligible action on human enzymes, but could completely inhibit bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin. Indian red wood seed extract was more active on human than on bovine enzymes, whereas soya bean, field bean, kidney bean and bengal gram were more active on the bovine counterparts. While acacia seed extracts displayed more pronounced action on human trypsins and chymotrypsins, it was more effective in inhibiting the total proteolytic activity of the bovine system. Cowpea and red gram were more effective in inhibiting the human chymotrypsins. The relative contributions of trypsins plus chymotrypsins, elastases and carboxypeptidases to the total proteolytic activity of human pancreatic preparation were found to be 50, 25 and 25% whereas in the bovine system the values were 75, 20 and 5%.     

Integrating glucometers and digital photography as experience capture tools to enhance patient understanding and communication of diabetes self-management practices

Glucometers measure the accumulation of glucose in the bloodstream and are essential for avoiding health complications related to diabetes. Despite their value as tools to record and present physiological data, they lack the ability to capture the behaviors that cause fluctuations in blood glucose levels, activities that ultimately need to be understood and managed in order to maintain good health. In this paper, we describe an intervention that introduces digital photography into diabetes self-management routines to augment glucometer data and facilitate the sharing of experiences that affect long-term health. Two studies of the approach are presented to illustrate the ways that diabetics use visualizations of past activities to reflect on their health. We also discuss design suggestions for augmented memory systems based on our findings, focusing on ways to enhance learning with repositories of past experiences collected automatically and/or manually.

Flight force production by flapping insect wings in inclined stroke plane kinematics

The unsteady flow structure and the time-varying aerodynamic forces acting on a 2D dragonfly model wing are studied by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are discretized and solved on a non-body confirming Cartesian grid; the concept of immersed boundary method is made use of to impose the no-slip boundary condition on the surface of the wing. The objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of the following kinematic parameters on the flight performance of inclined stroke plane hovering: Reynolds number (Re), stroke amplitude, wing rotational timing and rotational duration. While the effects of the above mentioned parameters on the stroke averaged force coefficients are the same in both horizontal and inclined stroke plane motions, the spatiotemporal dynamics of vorticity which produce the effects are entirely different. Our results also indicate that the drag mechanism proposed for tiny insects does not seem to augment the vertical force generation in inclined stroke plane motion.     

A compact dual‐band 2 × 1 metamaterial inspired mimo antenna system with high port isolation for LTE and WiMax applications

This article proposes a compact (43 × 26 × 0.8 mm³) dual‐band two‐element metamaterial‐inspired MIMO antenna system with high port isolation for LTE and WiMAX applications. In this structure, each antenna element consists of a square–ring slot radiator encircling a complementary split ring resonator. A tapered impedance transformer line feeds these radiating apertures and shows good impedance matching. A 2 × 3 array of two‐turn Complementary Spiral Resonator structure between the two antenna elements provides high dual‐band isolation between them. The fabricated prototype system shows two bands 2.34 – 2.47 GHz (suitable for LTE 2300) and 3.35 – 3.64 GHz (suitable for WiMAX). For spacing between two antennas of 10 mm only, the measured isolation between the two antenna elements in the lower band is around ?32 dB while that in the upper band is nearly 18 dB. The system shows a doughnut‐shaped radiation patterns. The peak measured antenna gains for the proposed MIMO system in the lower and higher bands are 3.9 and 4.2 dBi, respectively. The MIMO system figure of merits such as the envelope correlation coefficient, total efficiency are also calculated and shown to provide good diversity performance.     

Proportional Fairness Based Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an independent device that comprises a discrete collection of Sensor Nodes (SN) to sense environmental positions, device monitoring, and collection of information. Due to limited energy resources available at SN, the primary issue is to present an energy-efficient framework and conserve the energy while constructing a route path along with each sensor node. However, many energy-efficient techniques focused drastically on energy harvesting and reduced energy consumption but failed to support energy-efficient routing with minimal energy consumption in WSN. This paper presents an energy-efficient routing system called Energy-aware Proportional Fairness Multi-user Routing (EPFMR) framework in WSN. EPFMR is deployed in the WSN environment using the instance time. The request time sent for the route discovery is the foremost step designed in the EPFMR framework to reduce the energy consumption rate. The proportional fairness routing in WSN selects the best route path for the packet flow based on the relationship between the periods of requests between different SN. Route path discovered for packet flow also measure energy on multi-user route path using the Greedy Instance Fair Method (GIFM). The GIFM in EPFMR develops node dependent energy-efficient localized route path, improving the throughput. The energy-aware framework maximizes the throughput rate and performs experimental evaluation on factors such as energy consumption rate during routing, Throughput, RST, node density and average energy per packet in WSN. The Route Searching Time (RST) is reduced using the Boltzmann Distribution (BD), and as a result, the energy is minimized on multi-user WSN. Finally, GIFM applies an instance time difference-based route searching on WSN to attain an optimal energy minimization system. Experimental analysis shows that the EPFMR framework can reduce the RST by 23.47% and improve the throughput by 6.79% compared with the state-of-the-art works.     

Interactive Middleware Services for Heterogeneous Systems

Computing has become more invisible, widespread and ubiquitous since the inception of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Web of Things. Multiple devices that surround us meet user’s requirements everywhere. Multiple Middleware Framework (MF) designs have come into existence because of the rapid development of interactive services in Heterogeneous Systems. This resulted in the delivery of interactive services throughout Heterogeneous Environments (HE). Users are given free navigation between devices in a widespread environment and continuously interact with each other from any chosen device. Numerous interactive devices with recent interactive platforms (for example, Smart Phones, Mobile Phones, Personal Computer (PC) and Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)) are available in the market. For easy access to information and services irrespective of the device used for working and even at the drastic change of the environment, the execution of applications on a broad spectrum of computing devices is propelled by the availability of the above-mentioned platforms. Different applications that need interoperability to coordinate and correspond with each other should be facilitated. Using a standard interface and data format, HE must link various devices from various platforms together to communicate with each other. To aid the interactive services performed by a middleware framework that operates on Application Programming Interface (API) over HEs, this issue aims to endorse an Adaptable Service Application Programming Interface (ASAPI).     

Finite element analysis of nonlocal coupled parabolic problem using Newton’s method

In this article, we propose finite element method to approximate the solution of a coupled nonlocal parabolic system. An important issue in the numerical solution of nonlocal problems while using the Newton’s method is related to its structure. Indeed, unlike the local case the Jacobian matrix is sparse and banded, the nonlocal term makes the Jacobian matrix dense. As a consequence computations consume more time and space in contrast to local problems. To overcome this difficulty we reformulate the discrete problem and then apply the Newton’s method. We discuss the well-posedness of the weak formulation at continuous as well as at discrete levels. We derive a priori error estimates for both semi-discrete and fully-discrete formulations. Results based on usual finite element method are provided to confirm the theoretical estimates.