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91.
Postprandial chylomicrons are potent ultimate acceptors of cell membrane cholesterol and are believed to accelerate reverse
cholesterol transport (RCT). We compared the effects of meals rich in polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) and either high (605 mg)
or low (151 mg) in cholesterol and a meal rich in dairy fat (DF) in the form of cream on net in vitro transport of red blood
cell (RBC) membrane cholesterol to 4 and 6 h postprandial plasma in eight normotriglyceridemic (NTG-H) and eight hypertriglyceridemic
(HTG-H) men with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. In HTG-H men, cell cholesterol accumulation in 6-h postprandial plasma
was significantly (P = 0.02) less after the PUFA-HC meal compared with the other meals. The significant (P < 0.001) increase in cell plus endogenous cholesterol accumulation in the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction of
4 h postprandial plasma incubated with RBC was significantly (P = 0.007) higher after the PUFA-HC meal compared with DF meal in HTG-H men. In NTG-H men, cholesterol accumulation in plasma
and plasma lipoproteins in the presence and absence of RBC was not significantly affected by the type of meal ingested. These
data suggest that addition of large amounts of cholesterol to a PUFA meal may impair diffusion-mediated transport of cell
membrane cholesterol to postprandial plasma and that replacing DF with PUFA in a meal increases postprandial lipemia and may
potentially increase cholesterol accumulation in atherogenic postprandial TRL in HTG-H men. 相似文献
92.
It is well known that dedicating one disk's worth of space in a disk array to parity check information can allow the array
to tolerate a single failure. More recently, two possible ways of increasing that benefit through the use of additional redundant
information have been demonstrated: the additional redundancy can be used to allow the array to tolerate more than one disk
failure without the loss of information (multiple-fault
tolerance ), or it can be used to speed up the reconstruction of a single failed disk and thus reduce the impact of on-line reconstruction
on array performance (using a technique known as {parity
declustering ). However, these two advantages could not be obtained simultaneously. In this paper we demonstrate for the first time how
to divide the benefits of extra space for redundant information arbitrarily between increased fault tolerance and accelerated
reconstruction of failed disks. In addition, we give general lower bounds on the space overhead required to protect information
in a disk array by storing redundant information. These bounds widen the optimality of some known multiple-fault-tolerant
data layouts.
Received September 1997, and in final form October 1998. 相似文献
93.
M P Christian C Grainger B J Sutherland J J Mayes M C Hannah B Kefford 《The Journal of dairy research》1999,66(3):341-355
The effects of supplementing cows' diets with protein and energy on milk composition and the composition and yield of Cheddar cheese were investigated. This research addresses the problems of seasonal reduction in the capacity of cheese curds to expel moisture as observed in parts of south-eastern Australia. Milk was collected from cows offered a basal diet of silage and hay supplemented with different sources and levels of dietary protein and energy. The protein supplements were sunflower, canola, cottonseed meal and lupin, and the energy supplements were maize grain, oats, wheat and barely. This milk was used to manufacture Cheddar cheese on a pilot scale. Cheese moisture content was dependent on the source and level of dietary protein and energy. Milk from cows offered the lupin protein supplements and wheat energy supplements consistently produced cheese with a lower moisture content and moisture in fat-free matter. Milk from these supplemented diets had increased casein concentrations and higher proportions of alpha S2-casein than milk from the poor quality control diet. Cheese yield was directly related to the total casein concentration of milk, but was not influenced by differences in casein composition. Supplementing the cows' diets increased the inorganic P, Mg and Ca concentrations in milk. A low inorganic P concentration in milk from cows offered the control diet was caused by a low intake of dietary P. These findings showed that changes in the mineral and casein composition of milk, associated with diet, could influence the composition of Cheddar cheese. 相似文献
94.
为了减少各产品在制造过程中的碳足迹,并为未来产品碳标签核算提供较为准确的计算方法,提出了一种基于制造过程碳排放与被加工产品之间对应关系的产品制造过程碳足迹计算方法;针对柔性作业车间,为减少产品制造过程碳足迹,并保证完工时间以及车间设备利用率,提出了一种以所有产品制造过程碳足迹总和最短、最长完工时间最短、车间设备利用率最大的多目标优化调度模型;设计了第二代非支配解遗传算法进行求解,与传统调度模型的对比说明,所提出的优化调度模型在完工时间损失不大并保证车间设备利用率有改善时,可以使所有产品制造过程碳足迹有较大的改善,从而验证了研究的有效性。 相似文献
95.
M.A. Sutherland G.L. Lowe F.J. Huddart J.R. Waas M. Stewart 《Journal of dairy science》2018,101(9):8208-8216
We determined if feeding and lying behavior, recorded by automatic calf feeding systems (ACFS) and accelerometers, could be used to detect changes in behavior before onset of neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) or in response to disbudding pain in dairy calves. At 4 d of age, 112 calves had accelerometers attached to their hind leg and were housed in pens with ACFS. Calves were examined daily for signs of illness or injury. Of the 112 calves monitored, 18 were diagnosed with NCD; activities of calves with NCD were then compared with those of 18 healthy controls (calves that had no symptoms of NCD, other illnesses, or injury). Feeding (milk consumption and the number of rewarded and unrewarded visits to the feeder) and lying behavior during the 5 d leading up to calves displaying clinical signs of NCD were analyzed. Calves with NCD performed fewer unrewarded visits and consumed less milk than healthy calves during the 2- and 4-d periods before diagnosis with NCD, respectively. Calves with NCD tended to perform fewer lying bouts than healthy calves over the 5-d period before diagnosis with NCD. At 3 wk of age, a subset of 51 healthy calves were allocated to 1 of 5 treatment groups: (1) sham handling (SHAM, n = 10), (2) cautery disbudding (DB, n = 11), (3) administration of local anesthetic (LA) and DB (LA+DB, n = 11), 4) administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and DB (NSAID+DB, n = 9), and (5) administration of LA, NSAID and DB (LA+NSAID+DB, n = 10). Feeding and lying behavior were recorded continuously for 24 h pre- and postdisbudding. We found no effect of treatment on the number of rewarded or unrewarded visits to the feeder and milk volume consumed 24 h before administration of treatments. During the 24-h postdisbudding period, SHAM calves performed more unrewarded visits than DB, LA+DB, and NSAID+DB calves, but the number of unrewarded visits did not differ between SHAM and LA+NSAID+DB calves. During the first hour of the posttreatment period we noted a difference in lying times among treatments, with DB and NSAID+DB calves spending less time lying than SHAM calves and lying times being similar between SHAM, LA+DB, and LA+NSAID+DB calves. The ACFS and accelerometers have the potential to automatically gather valuable information regarding health status and pain in calves. Therefore, it may be advantageous to combine both of these measures (ACFS and accelerometers) when evaluating NCD on farm or pain in calves in future research. 相似文献
96.
Paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) has antioxidant and cardioprotective properties and is abnormally low in type 2 diabetic serum. This
study aimed to determine the effect of type 2 diabetes and meals rich in saturated fat and oleic acid on PON1 activity in
chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). PON1 arylesterase activity was measured in chylomicrons and VLDL that
were isolated in serum from 20 patients with type 2 diabetes and 20 age- and gender-matched, overweight controls 3 h after
meals rich in cream or olive oil in a randomized, cross-over study. Chylomicron–PON1 activity (45%, P = 0.02), ratio chylomicron–PON1/chylomicron–triacylglycerides (TAG) (42%, P = 0.03) and chylomicron–protein content (46%, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with controls after the olive oil meal with comparable
findings after the meal rich in cream. After ingestion of olive oil, chylomicron–PON1 activity was significantly higher in
controls (P = 0.01) and marginally higher (P = 0.06) in diabetic patients and chylomicron–TAG were significantly (P < 0. 05) higher in both groups of subjects, compared with values after ingestion of cream. VLDL–PON1 increased (two-fold)
significantly (P < 0.003) during both meals. Chylomicron-PON1 activity was correlated significantly with chylomicron–protein (P < 0.001, n = 40) and with postprandial serum PON1 activity (P ≤ 0.001, n = 40). Our data suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with abnormally low chylomicron–PON1 activity after fatty meals
and this may be linked to lower chylomicron–protein content and serum PON1 activity. Switching from saturated fat to olive
oil in the meal increases PON1 activity in the chylomicron fraction largely due to increased numbers of chylomicron particles. 相似文献
97.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rearing substrate and space allowance on the behavior and physiology of dairy calves. At 1 wk of age, 72 calves were moved into 1 of 18 experimental pens (n = 4 calves/pen) where they remained until 6 wk of age. Half of the pens had floors covered with quarry stones (QS) and the other half were covered with sawdust (SW). For each substrate type, calves were reared at 1 of 3 space allowances: 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 m2/calf. Behavior was video-recorded continuously for 24 h in the home pen at 2, 4, and 6 wk of age; the time calves spent lying, standing, walking, and running were estimated using 1-min instantaneous scan sampling. Body weight, cleanliness, fecal fluidity, and skin surface temperature were recorded at 1, 4, and 6 wk of age. Escherichia coli numbers were assessed on the skin surface of the shoulder and in feces of calves at 4 and 6 wk of age. Blood samples were taken at 1, 4, and 6 wk of age to measure cortisol, creatine kinase, immunoglobulin G, serum amyloid A, and total protein concentrations. Calves reared on QS spent less time lying and walking and more time standing at 4 and 6 wk of age compared with calves reared on SW. Furthermore, calves reared at a space allowance of 2.0 m2/calf spent less time lying and more time standing and walking compared with calves reared at a space allowance of 1.0 and 1.5 m2/calf. Calves reared on QS had lower skin surface temperatures compared with calves reared on SW. Fecal fluidity scores were lower in calves reared on QS than SW at 2 wk of age. Fewer E. coli were recovered from the shoulder of calves reared on QS than those of calves reared on SW, but fecal E. coli counts were similar between rearing substrates and space allowances. Serum amyloid A concentrations were lower in calves reared on QS than SW. We detected no effect of rearing substrate or space allowance on body weight, cleanliness, or concentrations of cortisol, creatine kinase, immunoglobulin G, and total protein. In conclusion, lower skin temperature in combination with reduced lying behavior may reflect reduced comfort of calves reared on QS. Furthermore, a space allowance of 2.0 m2/calf may provide calves with more opportunity to perform active behaviors. 相似文献
98.
The effects of protein type and pattern size on cell adhesion, spreading, and focal adhesion development are studied. Fibronectin and vitronectin patterns from 0.1 to 3 μm produced by colloidal lithography reveal important differences in how cells adhere to and bridge focal adhesions across protein nanopatterns versus micropatterns. Vinculin and zyxin in focal adhesions but not integrins are seen to bridge ligand gaps. Differences in protein mechanical properties are implicated as important factors in focal adhesion development. 相似文献
99.
A comparative study of the treatment of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF) with “Tetra-Etch” has been carried out. The treatment of PTFE resulted in extensive changes in surface chemistry and topography, whereas with PVF there was no significant change in topography and the chemical changes were much less marked. However, treatment of both polymers resulted in large increases in bond strength. Multiple bonding experiments in which samples are repeatedly fractured and re-bonded were carried out with untreated PTFE and PVF. These resulted in moderate increases in bond strength with PTFE and large increases with PVF. The results indicate that weak boundary layer (WBL) removal is a key element in adhesion improvement by “Tetra-Etch” on PVF. With PTFE, WBL removal also improves adhesion, but the chemical and/or topographical changes introduced by the “Tetra-Etch” are required for optimum performance. 相似文献
100.
Hydrogen refueling stations require high capital investment, with compression and storage comprising more than half of the installed cost of refueling equipment. Refueling station configurations and operation strategies can reduce capital investment while improving equipment utilization. Argonne National Laboratory developed a refueling model to evaluate the impact of various refueling compression and storage configurations and tube trailer operating strategies on the cost of hydrogen refueling. The modeling results revealed that a number of strategies can be employed to reduce fueling costs. Proper sizing of the high-pressure buffer storage reduces the compression requirement considerably, thus reducing refueling costs. Employing a tube trailer to initially fill the vehicle's tank also reduces the compression and storage requirements, further reducing refueling costs. Reducing the cut-off pressure of the tube trailer for initial vehicle fills can also significantly reduce the refueling costs. Finally, increasing the trailer's return pressure can cut refueling costs, especially for delivery distances less than 100 km, and in early markets, when refueling stations will be grossly underutilized. 相似文献