Some properties of explosive mixtures containing peroxides Part II. Relationships between detonation parameters and thermal reactivity of the mixtures with triacetone triperoxide

This study concerns mixtures of triacetone triperoxide (3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexoxonane, TATP) and ammonium nitrate (AN) with added water (W), as the case may be, and two dry mixtures of TATP with urea nitrate (UN). Relative performances (RP) of the mixtures and their individual components, relative to TNT, were determined by means of ballistic mortar. Thermal reactivity of these mixtures was examined by means of differential thermal analysis and the data were analyzed according to the modified Kissinger method (the peak temperature was replaced by the temperature of decomposition onset in this case). The reactivity, expressed as the EaR(-1) slopes of the Kissinger relationship, correlates with the squares of the calculated detonation velocities for the charge density of 1000 kg m(-3) of the studied energetic materials. Similarly, the relationships between the EaR(-1) values and RP have been found. While the first mentioned correlation (modified Evans-Polanyi-Semenov equation) is connected with the primary chemical micro-mechanism of the mixtures detonation, the relationships in the second case should be connected with the thermochemical aspects of this detonation.     

Friction Sensitivity of Nitramines. Part Ⅰ: Comparison with Impact Sensitivity and Heat of Fusion（英）

Fractions of β-HMX (β-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane) have been used to demonstrate the mutual relationship between friction and impact sensitivities.Inclusion of an additional twelve nitramine...     

New Aspects of Impact Reactivity of Polynitro Compounds. Part IV. Allocation of Polynitro Compounds on the Basis of their Impact Sensitivities

A linear relationship has been found between the drop energies of impact sensitivity detected by sound and the drop energies of “the first reaction” for 28 polynitro compounds. In the sense of this relationship, the compounds studied fall into three classes. The reason of the said diversification lies in the decomposition reaction rate at the temperature of the beginning of their thermolysis. It is stated that some relationship exists between vibrational excitation by impact, on the one hand, and thermal activation of the molecules of energetic materials, on the other one.     

受热、受冲击TNT的分解（英）

用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析了受热、受冲击工业TNT试样，发现两种情况下的主要分解产物是相同的，表明受冲击TNT分子初始分裂的化学微观机理与低温热分解情况下的机理相同。     

Detonation Characteristics of Plastic Explosives Based on Attractive Nitramines with Polyisobutylene and Poly(methyl methacrylate) Binders

Four highly brisant nitramines, RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), BCHMX (cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitro-octahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole), and ?-HNIW (?-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane), were studied as extruded plastic explosives bonded by two plastic matrices based on polyisobutylene (C4 matrix) and poly-methylmethacrylate (plasticized by dioctyl-adipate) binders. The detonation velocities, D, were measured experimentally. Detonation parameters were also calculated by means of the Kamlet and Jacobs method and CHEETAH and EXPLO5 codes. These detonation parameters showed that plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs) based on BCHMX are more powerful explosives than those based on RDX. The Urizar coefficient for poly(methyl methacrylate) binder was also calculated.     

Study of Plastic Explosives based on Attractive Cyclic Nitramines Part I. Detonation Characteristics of Explosives with PIB Binder

Four plastic explosives based on energetic nitramines and a non‐energetic binder were prepared and studied. The nitramines were RDX (1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazine), BCHMX (cis‐1,3,4,6‐tetranitro‐octahydroimidazo‐[4,5‐d]imidazole) and HNIW (ε‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane, ε‐CL‐20). The binder was in all cases polyisobutylene (PIB) as in the standard composition C‐4. These powerful plastic explosives were compared to standard PETN‐based commercially available explosives Semtex 1A and Sprängdeg m/46. The detonation velocities were experimentally measured and compared to the ones calculated by the Kamlet–Jacobs method, CHEETAH and EXPLO5 Codes. The experimental detonation velocities as well as the calculated detonation parameters decrease in the following order: HNIW‐PIB>HMX‐PIB≥BCHMX‐PIB>RDX‐PIB>Sprändeg m/46≥Semtex 1A. Urizar coefficients for the various binders were calculated from experimental data.     

A Wavelet-Based Approach to Filter Out Symmetric Macroeconomic Shocks

We propose a novel method for econometric time series analysis. This method acts as the comovement-selective filter and is useful to filter out the cycles that are caused by an global event present in the reference time series. We demonstrate its applicability on removing symmetric macroeconomic shock caused by recent financial crisis from the business cycle of the euro area according to the comovement with the United States. The application allowing to identify the country specific business cycles in the Visegrad countries data using the comovement with Germany is also presented. The method is based on the continuous wavelet transform, its inverse and the comovement measurement in the time-frequency domain. Its application also enables to uncover detailed development of the business cycle synchronization in time.     

Calculated Lattice Energies of Energetic Materials in a Prediction of their Heats of Fusion and Sublimation（英）

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Photodegradation of 1-nitropyrene in solution and in the adsorbed state

The photodegradation of the 1-nitropyrene (NPy) has been studied using conventional (Xe and medium pressure Hg lamps) and laser sources (XeCl excimer and Nd-YAG UV). Low energy monochromatic light sources were used to study the early stages of degradation (up to 50% conversion). The medium pressure Hg lamp was used for longer periods of irradiation (up to 6h) and for greater degradation of NPy. The results of our work confirm that degradation occurs by radical mechanism. Aromatic hydroxymethyl, methoxy, hydroxy and nitroso derivatives of pyrene (Py) are created by low energy UV irradiation. After a massive UV irradiation, the Py aromatic system is destroyed and more polar low-molecular compounds are generated. The photochemical method described in this paper, based on irradiation by UV lamp, is therefore, suitable for degradation of fused benzene ring(s) and thus should also be effective for degradation of other nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds.     

多硝基化合物的静电火花感度与热分解参数的关联（英）

通过测定５３种多硝基化合物在５０％发火概率下的静电火花感度ＥＥＳ,发现由Ｓｋｉｎｎｅｒ等人在热分解速率常数ｋ＝１０＾３ｓ＾－１下建立的ＥＥＳ与温度倒数的半对数关系式随着化合物种类的不同而不同。分析结果表明,含能材料初始热分解的化学机理及其晶体分子的相互作用对电火花点火起决定性的作用。