A new minimum zone method for evaluating flatness errors

A new minimum zone method for flatnes error analyis is proposed in this article. Based on the criteria for the minimum zone solution and strict rules for data exchange, a simple and rapid algorithm, called the control plane rotation scheme, is developed for the flatness analysis of a flat surface. Experimental work was performed, and some examples are given in terms of the minimum zone and least-squares solutions.     

Decoding algebraic-geometric codes up to the designed minimumdistance

A simple decoding procedure for algebraic-geometric codes C _Ω(D,G) is presented. This decoding procedure is a generalization of Peterson's decoding procedure for the BCH codes. It can be used to correct any [(d*-1)/2] or fewer errors with complexity O(n³), where d * is the designed minimum distance of the algebraic-geometric code and n is the codelength     

Magnetotransport of two-dimensional electron gas in Si/SiGe modulation doped structures grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy

We have characterized two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) in Si/SiGe modulation doped structures grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy. Hall bar structures were fabricated to characterize the structures and magnetotransport measurements were carried out at temperatures down to 0.4 K. Pronounced Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations were observed in the longitudinal magnetoresistance, indicative of high quality 2DEG in the channel. Electron mobilities up to 87,000 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ with sheet densities about 7 × 10¹¹ cm⁻² were obtained at low temperature. Dingle plots of the magnetoresistance vs reciprocal magnetic field were utilized to determine the single-particle relaxation times in order to investigate scattering mechanisms in these structure. The ratio of the transport scattering time derived from electron mobility to the single-particle relaxation time is of the order of 10, indicating that remote impurity scattering is a dominant factor limiting the mobility of our structures. The behaviour of the magnetotransport data is discussed using a model for parallel conduction.     

Design and performance of large low-cost solar water heating systems

An analysis is presented for the monthly performance evaluation of a simple design low cost solar water heating systems. A sample of typical results is presented which confirms their suitability as solar heating systems for summer peacking or as solar preheaters for year around loads.     

Surface modification and functionalization of electroactive polymer films via grafting of polyelectrolyte,polyampholyte and polymeric acids

Films of electroactive polymers, such as polyaniline (PAN) in its emeraldine base form, and poly(3-alkylthiophene), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P6TH), poly(3-octylthiophene) (P8TH), and poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (P12TH) can be readily functionalized via thermal or near ultraviolet-light-induced surface graft copolymerization with monomers of polyelectrolyte, polyampholyte and polymeric acids. The monomers used in the present work include dimethyl sulphate quaternized dimethylamino-ethylmethacrylate (DMAEM·C₂H₆SO₄), 3-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium propane sulphonate (DMAPS), acrylic acid (AAc) and a sodium salt of styrene sulphonic acid (NaSS). The surface structures and compositions of the electroactive polymer films after functionalization via graft copolymerization were characterized by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Graft copolymerization of poly(3-alkylthiophene) films, but not PAN films, with the hydrophilic monomers readily results in a stratified surface microstructure arising from the migration of the hydrophilic graft chains beneath a thin surface layer which is much richer in the substrate chains. On the other hand, graft copolymerization of PAN films with AAc and NaSS readily gives rise to a self-protonated (and thus conductive) surface structure.     

Effect of chromium content on remarkably rapid nitriding in austenitic Fe-Ni-Cr alloys

Remarkably rapid nitriding which is independent of diffusion theory based on the thermal activation process, was observed during nitriding of austenitic Fe-Ni-Cr steels containing 16 and 19 mass% chromium. Increase of the chromium content in the alloys yielded increasing thickness of the nitrided layer, i.e. the internal nitriding theory did not hold in the nitriding. No rapid nitriding was observed in steels containing less than 13 mass% chromium. Hence the limiting concentration of chromium for the rapid nitriding will lie between 13 and 16 mass% chromium. A solution to the problem of abnormalities arising during nitriding of practical austenitic stainless steels which have been investigated since 1972, has been presented experimentally by nitriding various chromium-containing steels. Based on the experimental results, the origin of the rapid nitriding is discussed in connection with the free-energy function of Cr₂N and CrN to temperature. In particular, a plateau of nitrogen concentration measured in the nitrided layers leads to the conclusion that a forced nitrogen diffusion in the layer resulted in the rapid nitriding.     

Nickel- and copper-coated carbon fibre reinforced tin-lead alloy composites

Nickel and copper were deposited over brominated, surface treated, and pristine P-100 carbon fibres using cementation and electroplating techniques. The fibres were brominated by bromine vapour for 48 h and then desorbed at 200 °C in air for 12 h. The anodic oxidation treatment of the fibres involved electrochemical etching in a dilute sodium hydroxide electrolyte for 3 min. Electroplated coated fibres showed better tensile properties than cementation coated fibres. In addition, nickel coating exhibited better bonding with the carbon fibres compared to copper coating. The effect of bromination and surface treatment was improved adhesion between coating and fibres. Nickel- and copper-coated fibres, which were brominated, anodically oxidized, and pristine, reinforced tin-lead alloy composites were fabricated by squeeze casting. The composites containing coated treated carbon fibres had higher tensile and shear strength than the ones containing coated pristine carbon fibres. Moreover, the composite with coated brominated carbon fibres had better tensile strength and shear strength than the surface treatment. The results also showed the composites containing nickel-coated fibres had higher tensile and shear strength than the ones containing copper-coated fibres.     

Note on a vertical water-jet emanating downwards from a slit in the air

Summary In this study the critical dimensionless parameters, controlling the alternate 90° turn and oscillation along the axis of a vertical water-jet emanating downwards from a slit in the air are determined.     

Crystallization of glass in fireclay refractories; part III: Detailed study on the mullite crystal size in the ‘synthetic’ glass

Poor-grade fireclay products contain substantial amount of glass. A glass of similar composition was synthesized, nucleated and heat-treated for crystallization of mullite. The size and size-distribution of mullite crystals, the rate of change of size and the aspect ratio of the crystals were investigated in relation to the nucleating agents and temperature.