Isothermal and Dynamic Microcalorimetry for Quantifying the Crystallization of an Amorphous Drug during Interactive Powder Mixing

This study reports the crystallization of amorphous nifedipine during an interactive mixing process quantified by using isothermal and dynamic microcalorimetry. Interactive mixtures of amorphous nifedipine and uniform glass beads were prepared by mixing in a Turbula® mixer. The difference in the extent of crystallization of amorphous nifedipine during mixing was characterized by the time it took for the crystallization of a known amount of amorphous nifedipine in isothermal calorimetry and the change in the height of the crystallization peak at 65°C in dynamic calorimetry. It was found that both isothermal and dynamic microcalorimetry are useful techniques for quantifying the physical transition of amorphous nifedipine during interactive mixing. The rate and extent of crystallization of amorphous nifedipine depended on both mixing time and speed, but mixing time played a more dominant role because the transformation of amorphous to crystalline nifedipine was greater after 3180 revolutions (9.7%) than after 405 revolutions (0.9%) at 27 rpm. The same trend was observed at 109 rpm, but the percentage of crystalline nifedipine after 3180 revolutions was only 5.2%. This meant that an increase in mixing time rather than speed increased the rate of amorphous to crystalline transformation. The greatest cause for crystal transformation during interactive mixing was the presence of crystal seeds of the thermodynamically stable nifedipine Modification I because the amount of amorphous to crystalline transformation increased from 2.6% for a completely amorphous mixture to 6.6% for a 92:8 mixture of amorphous and crystalline nifedipine when mixed for 30 minutes at 106 rpm.     

Local structural characterization of Zn:Cd:Se ternary semiconductors

We have studied the local atomic structure around Zn and Cd, in CdSe, ZnSe, and ordered and disordered Zn_0.5Cd_0.5Se thin films, grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Zn K-shell X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) shows that the Zn–Se pair nearest neighbor distance is the same in both ordered and disordered ternary samples. This result shows that the ordered (or disordered growth) does not have a significant effect in the nearest neighbor Zn environment. However, results from K-shell Cd XAFS show that the Cd–Se pair nearest neighbor distance in the Zn_0.5Cd_0.5Se ordered film exhibits a contraction compared to the same pair distance in the disordered Zn_0.5Cd_0.5Se sample and the binary CdSe compound. This suggests that the shortest Zn–Se nearest neighbor distance regulates the Cd–Se nearest neighbor distance in the ternary compounds, when these are grown in an ordered, layer by layer, fashion.     

NAROAS: a neural network-based advanced operator support system for the assessment of systems reliability

We have developed and implemented a computerized reliability monitoring system for nuclear power plant applications, based on a neural network. The developed computer program is a new tool related to operator decision support systems, in case of component failures, for the determination of test and maintenance policies during normal operation or to follow an incident sequence in a nuclear power plant. The NAROAS (Neural Network Advanced Reliability Advisory System) computer system has been developed as a modularized integrated system in a C++ Builder environment, using a Hopfield neural network instead of fault trees, to follow and control the different system configurations, for interventions as quickly as possible at the plant. The observed results are comparable and similar to those of other computer system results. As shown, the application of this neural network contributes to the state of the art of risk monitoring systems by turning it easier to perform online reliability calculations in the context of probabilistic safety assessments of nuclear power plants.     

Low-frequency magnetic interference in a SQUID gradiometer caused by a Cryotiger gas-mixture cooler

A Cryotiger^® gas-mixture cooler was applied for cooling of three high-T_c SQUID magnetometers. These SQUID magnetometers were mounted on an alumina holder in an axial gradiometer configuration. From 20 Hz upward, the system noise was about 0.1 pT/√Hz. Below this frequency, the noise gradually increased to a level of 10 pT/√Hz at 1 Hz. This low-frequency excess noise appeared to be due to remnant magnetization of the Cryotiger cold head. Movement of magnetic cold-head parts with respect to the SQUIDs are induced by pressure fluctuations in the heat exchanger lines. By using one SQUID as a reference for the cooler noise, a first-order gradiometer can be formed in which the cooler noise is eliminated. To establish a proper second-order gradiometer either a fourth SQUID has to be added, or the spatial separation between cold head and SQUIDs has to be increased significantly.     

论自然形式的崇高

崇高是一个古老的美学范畴,自从古罗马学者朗吉纳斯在《论崇高》一文中提出后即引起历代美学家的关注。崇高既存在于艺术形式之中,同时又存在于自然形式之中,崇高的自然形式包含有自然的崇高和精神的崇高。崇高是人类理性力量的凝聚,现代社会依然需要崇高。     

Neural networks based subgrid scale modeling in large eddy simulations

In this paper a multilayer feed-forward neural network (NN) is used as subgrid scale (SGS) model in a large eddy simulation (LES). The NN was previously off-line trained using numerical data generated by a LES of a channel flow at Re_τ=180 with Bardina's scale similar (BFR) SGS model. Results show the ability of NNs to identify and reproduce the highly nonlinear behavior of the turbulent flows, and therefore the possibility of using NN techniques in numerical simulations of turbulent flows.     

Adaptive lifting for shape-based image retrieval

We propose to use adaptive wavelet lifting for image retrieval systems that are based on shape detection and multiresolution structures of objects in a database against a background of texture. To measure the performance of our approach, feature vectors are computed based on moment invariants of detail coefficients produced by the adaptive lifting scheme and retrieval rates are obtained by measuring distances between these vectors. Retrieval rates are compared with the rates obtained when using non-adaptive wavelet filtering as a preprocessing step. A synthetic database is created for this simulation.     

Relay-based closed loop transfer function frequency points estimation

In this paper, the following frequency response estimation problem is addressed: Given a closed loop transfer function, such as the loop transfer function or the sensitivity function, find a frequency for which it achieves a user-defined magnitude. The procedure presented here is based on a relay feedback, which makes it suitable to apply to actual systems. In addition to the frequency, the system phase at that frequency is computed simultaneously. The procedure can be used to evaluate and redesign controllers.     

Switching and PI control of walking motions of planar biped walkers

A companion paper has addressed the problem of designing controllers that induce exponentially stable, periodic walking motions at a fixed walking rate for a planar, biped robot with one degree of underactuation. This note provides two additional control features: 1) the ability to compose such controllers to obtain walking at several discrete walking rates with guaranteed stability during the transitions; and 2) the ability to regulate the average walking rate to a continuum of values.     

Practical implementation of possibilistic probability mass functions

 Probability assessments of events are often linguistic in nature. We model them by means of possibilistic probabilities (a version of Zadeh's fuzzy probabilities with a behavioural interpretation) with a suitable shape for practical implementation (on a computer). Employing the tools of interval analysis and the theory of imprecise probabilities we argue that the verification of coherence for these possibilistic probabilities, the corrections of non-coherent to coherent possibilistic probabilities and their extension to other events and gambles can be performed by finite and exact algorithms. The model can furthermore be transformed into an imprecise first-order model, useful for decision making and statistical inference.