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101.
P Buma PJ van Loon H Versleyen H Weinans TJ Slooff K de Groot R Huiskes 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,18(18):1251-1260
We hypothesized that reduced stem stiffness of orthopaedic implants contributes to a high risk of loosening, since interface stresses and relative motions may exceed a tolerable range. To study this hypothesis, three types of load-bearing implant with different stiffnesses were inserted into the tibia of the goat. Histological analysis was performed of bone repair after insertion of the implant, bone ingrowth, interface disruption and loosening. A finite element model of the configuration provided the quantitative range of interface stresses and relative motions for the present experiment. The implants were made out of stainless steel, hollow titanium and a thin titanium core covered with a polyacetal coating. The stiffness ratios of these implants were approximately 10:4:1, respectively. All implants were coated with a layer of hydroxyapatite (HA) in order to minimize the possible biological effects of the different implant materials. Irrespective of the type of implant, there was a repair phase that lasted 6-12 weeks. The stiff implants functioned well. Large areas of bone bonding to the HA layer were found after the repair phase at 12 weeks postoperatively. After 24 weeks, some signs of loosening were observed. More loosening occurred with the hollow titanium and polyacetal implants, mainly during the repair phase. Three hollow titanium and three polyacetal coated implants survived this period, and were killed after 24 weeks. The integrity of the HA layer at the bone-implant interface of the titanium implants was good. In the polyacetal implants, the repair reaction of the cortical bone was incomplete. Bone ingrowth into HA was largely lacking. In conclusion, we found significant differences in the repair and interface reactions around implants of different stiffness. Stiff implants showed favourable initial interface conditions for bone ingrowth. Intermediate and flexible implants provoked unfavourable interface conditions for initial bone ingrowth. The finite element study showed that the flexible stems produce larger micromotions and higher interface stresses at the bone-prosthesis interface than the stiff stems, indicating an explanation for the histological findings. 相似文献
102.
1. Although no right way to interview exists, an interviewer should develop a comfortable, personal style. 2. Allowing an interview to follow its own course while remembering the overall interview agenda will contribute to quality of the data. 3. Interviewing skills are enhanced as the interviewer develops a personal style and becomes comfortable as a practitioner. 相似文献
103.
104.
We have prepared high surface area, conductive, mechanically robust, responsive polyaniline–carbon nanotube composite films. These were produced by filtration from dilute dispersions of polyaniline nanofibers and single-walled carbon nanotubes. Unlike polyaniline alone, these composites are mechanically stable, maintain large intractable surfaces and exhibit greatly enhanced response/recovery behavior to changes in their local environment. This is illustrated by exposing the films to ammonia. 相似文献
105.
Cover Picture: Discovery of MK‐8970: An Acetal Carbonate Prodrug of Raltegravir with Enhanced Colonic Absorption (ChemMedChem 2/2015) 下载免费PDF全文
Dr. Abbas M. Walji Dr. Rosa I. Sanchez Dr. Sophie‐Dorothee Clas Dr. Rebecca Nofsinger Dr. Manuel de Lera Ruiz Dr. Jing Li Dr. Amrithraj Bennet Christopher John Dr. David Jonathan Bennett Dr. John M. Sanders Christina N. Di Marco Somang Hope Kim Dr. Jaume Balsells Scott S. Ceglia Dr. Qun Dang Kimberly Manser Becky Nissley Dr. John S. Wai Dr. Michael Hafey Junying Wang Gene Chessen Dr. Allen Templeton Dr. John Higgins Dr. Ronald Smith Dr. Yunhui Wu Dr. Jay Grobler Dr. Paul J. Coleman 《ChemMedChem》2015,10(2):213-213
106.
Enhancing the carbon sink in European agricultural soils: including trace gas fluxes in estimates of carbon mitigation potential 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Pete Smith Keith W. Goulding Keith A. Smith David S. Powlson Jo U. Smith Pete Falloon Kevin Coleman 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2001,60(1-3):237-252
The possibility that the carbon sink in agricultural soils can be enhanced has taken on great political significance since
the Kyoto Protocol was finalised in December 1997. The Kyoto Protocol allows carbon emissions to be offset by demonstrable
removal of carbon from the atmosphere. Thus, forestry activities (Article 3.3) and changes in the use of agricultural soils
(Article 3.4) that are shown to reduce atmospheric CO2levels may be included in the Kyoto emission reduction targets. The European Union is committed to a reduction in CO2 emissions to 92% of baseline (1990) levels during the first commitment period (2008–2012). We have shown recently that there
are a number of agricultural land-management changes that show some potential to increase the carbon sink in agricultural
soils and others that allow alternative forms of carbon mitigation (i.e. through fossil fuel substitution), but the options
differ greatly in their potential for carbon mitigation. The changes examined were, (a) switching all animal manure use to
arable land, (b) applying all sewage sludge to arable land, (c) incorporating all surplus cereal straw, (d) conversion to
no-till agriculture, (e) use of surplus arable land to de-intensify 1/3 of current intensive crop production (through use
of 1/3 grass/arable rotations), (f) use of surplus arable land to allow natural woodland regeneration, and (g) use of surplus
arable land for bioenergy crop production. In this paper, we attempt for the first time to assess other (non-CO2) effects of these land-management changes on (a) the emission of the other important agricultural greenhouse gases, methane
and nitrous oxide, and (b) other aspects of the ecology of the agroecosystems. We find that the relative importance of trace
gas fluxes varies enormously among the scenarios. In some such as the sewage sludge, woodland regeneration and bioenergy production
scenarios, the inclusion of trace gases makes only a small (<10%) difference to the CO2-C mitigation potential. In other cases, for example the no-till, animal manure and agricultural de-intensification scenarios,
trace gases have a large impact, sometimes halving or more than doubling the CO2-C mitigation potential. The scenarios showing the greatest increase when including trace gases are those in which manure
management changes significantly. In the one scenario (no-till) where the carbon mitigation potential was reduced greatly,
a small increase in methane oxidation was outweighed by a sharp increase in N2O emissions. When these land-management options are combined to examine the whole agricultural land area of Europe, most of
the changes in mitigation potential are small, but depending upon assumptions for the animal manure scenario, the total mitigation
potential either increases by about 20% or decreases by about 10%, shifting the mitigation potential of the scenario from
just above the EU's 8% Kyoto emission reduction target (98.9 Tg C y−1) to just below it. Our results suggest that (a) trace gas fluxes may change the mitigation potential of a land management
option significantly and should always be considered alongside CO2-C mitigation potentials and (b) agricultural management options show considerable potential for carbon mitigation even after
accounting for trace gas fluxes.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
107.
Sowdhamini R; Mitchell TJ; Andrew PW; Morgan PJ 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》1997,10(3):207-215
Pneumolysin and proaerolysin are bacterial toxins that form pores in host
cells by oligomerization. We propose that they may have similar structures
despite a poor sequence identity. The crystal structure of proaerolysin
reveals a protein composed of four domains, arranged in the shape of an
elongated comma. Electron microscopy of the pneumolysin monomer shows a
similar arrangement of domains. The sequence of pneumolysin recognizes the
template of proaerolysin from a library of protein folds. A
three-dimensional model of pneumolysin has been constructed by the
comparative approach using the structure of proaerolysin. This model,
together with results on the activity of site- specific mutants and the
positions of antigenic sites, has been used to propose functional roles of
individual domains.
相似文献
108.
Shen TJ; Ho NT; Zou M; Sun DP; Cottam PF; Simplaceanu V; Tam MF; Bell DA Jr; Ho C 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》1997,10(9):1085-1097
A hemoglobin expression system in Escherichia coli is described. In order
to produce authentic human hemoglobin, we need to co-express both
methionine aminopeptidase and globin genes under the control of a strong
promoter. We have constructed three plasmids, pHE2, pHE4 and pHE7, for the
expression of human normal adult hemoglobin and a plasmid, pHE9, for the
expression of human fetal hemoglobin, in high yields. The globin genes can
be derived from either synthetic genes or human globin cDNAs. The extra
amino-terminal methionine residues of the expressed globins can be removed
by the co-expressed methionine aminopeptidase. The heme is inserted
correctly into the expressed alpha- globin from our expression plasmids. A
fraction (approximately 25%) of the heme is not inserted correctly into the
expressed beta- or gamma- globin. However, the incorrectly inserted hemes
can be converted into the correct conformation by carrying out a simple
oxidation-reduction process on the purified hemoglobin molecule. We have
investigated the functional properties of the expressed hemoglobins by
measuring their oxygen-binding properties and their structural features by
obtaining their 1H-NMR spectra. Our results show that authentic human
normal adult and fetal hemoglobins can be produced from our expression
plasmids in E. coli and in high yields. Our expression system allows us to
design and to produce any recombinant hemoglobins needed for our research
on the structure-function relationship in hemoglobin.
相似文献
109.
Ion beam irradiation can be used to modify the structure and gas transport properties of glassy polymers. This is the first of two studies that focus on the impact of H+ ion irradiation on the structure and permeation properties of the polyimide Matrimid®. Specifically, the evolution in chemical structure after H+ irradiation over a range of fluences was analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy and dissolution studies. Although H+ ion irradiation at very low ion fluences induced little modification in the chemical structure, irradiation at relatively high ion fluences resulted in crosslinking of the irradiated films. The branched structure of the aliphatic methyl (CH3) was the most sensitive to the H+ ion irradiation. The para‐disubstituted aromatic ring showed the strongest resistance toward ion irradiation and required fairly high doses to induce degradation. Two potential crosslinking mechanisms related to the degradation of the aliphatic methyl and the benzophenone carbonyl were presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2010–2019, 2003 相似文献
110.
David B. Whitman Christopher D. Cox Dr. Michael J. Breslin Karen M. Brashear John D. Schreier Michael J. Bogusky Dr. Rodney A. Bednar Dr. Wei Lemaire Joseph G. Bruno George D. Hartman Dr. Duane R. Reiss C. Meacham Harrell Richard L. Kraus Dr. Yuxing Li Susan L. Garson Scott M. Doran Dr. Thomayant Prueksaritanont Dr. Chunze Li Dr. Christopher J. Winrow Dr. Kenneth S. Koblan Dr. John J. Renger Paul J. Coleman Dr. 《ChemMedChem》2009,4(7):1069-1074
Silent Night : Antagonism of the orexin (or hypocretin) system has recently been identified as a novel mechanism for the treatment of insomnia. Herein, we describe discovery of a dual (OX1R/OX2R) orexin receptor antagonist featuring a 1,4‐diazepane central constraint that blocks orexin signaling in vivo. In telemetry‐implanted rats, oral administration of this antagonist produced a decrease in wakefulness, while increasing REM and non‐REM sleep.