Obituary: Lee Salk (1926–1992).

Memorializes Lee Salk (1926–1992), a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) and a founder and president (1979–1980) of the Division of Child, Youth, and Family Services. He was also president of APA's section of clinical child psychology within the Division of Clinical Psychology. He received the APA National Media Award and APA's Distinguished Contributions Award in Clinical Psychology. His final book, Familyhood: Nurturing the Values That Matter, concluded from his work that family relationships are very powerful in setting people's life destinies and in providing their lifelong concepts of themselves. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Freudian theory and new information in modern psychology.

Freud's work is reviewed in light of five new areas of information that were not available to him. The five areas are: (a) anthropology's finding of the cultural nature of humanity; (b) empirical studies of the mother-infant affectional interaction and of the competence of infants; (c) the discovery of rapid eye movements (REM); (d) the role of emotions in social communication as well as individual arousal; and (e) the burgeoning of the psychology of sex differences, especially in cognitive style. The tension between Freud's clinical observations and his metapsychology is interpreted as a function, in part, of gaps in then existing knowledge. The review suggests that the concept of the cultural nature of humanity, with the attachment emotions of shame and guilt as part of human equipment, was implied in Freud's clinical observations and could have eased Freud's theoretical difficulties. As an example of the usefulness of this concept, the views of psychoanalysis and behavior theory about phobias are examined, showing that both approaches can profit from attention to the attachment emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Fabrication, RE performance, and yield of a combined limitingamplifier and dual-modulus prescalar GaAs IC chip

Production technology details, RF performance, and yield results for an ECL-compatible, L-band, limiting dual-modulus (÷10/11) prescalar are presented. Monolithic integration of analog and digital circuit functions is achieved using refractory self-aligned-gate FET technology. When tested with -22-dBm input signal power, one lot of six wafers had a total RF chip yield of 19% with a best-wafer yield of 43%. The average operating frequency was 1.45 GHz (SD=51 MHz) with an average power dissipation of 696 mW (SD=23 mW)     

Annealing kinetics of cold-rolled plain carbon steels

Softening of rimmed steel during batch annealing is due to recrystallization, grain growth and carbide coarsening. The post-recrystallization softening process is used commercially to control product quality and its kinetics can be characterized by an apparent activation energy. This parameter is shown to increase with decreasing carbon content owing to the influence of carbide particle dissolution on the grain growth rate. The latter effect is suppressed by low manganese and high sulphur contents because of the formation of fine manganese sulphide precipitates. The apparent activation energy of softening can be applied to improve the economics of industrial batch annealing.     

Blood flow measurements with [(15)O]H2O and [18F]fluoride ion PET in porcine vertebrae

A dual positron emission tomography (PET) tracer study with [18F]fluoride and the freely diffusible tracer [(15)O]H2O was performed to measure the capillary transport of [18F]fluoride and to evaluate the potential of [18F]fluoride ion PET to quantitate bone blood flow. Under the condition of a high predictable single-pass extraction fraction (E(F)) for [18F]fluoride, the [18F]fluoride ion influx transport constant (K1F), derived from kinetic [18F]fluoride ion PET measurements, can be used to estimate bone blood flow. Bone blood flow was measured in vertebral bodies by dynamic [(15)O]H2O PET during continuous ventilation with N2O, O2, and Isoflurane (FiO2 = 0.3) in seven adult mini pigs, followed by dynamic [18F]fluoride ion PET. The mean blood flow measured by [(15)O]H2O (FlowH2O) was 0.145 +/- 0.047 ml x minute(-1) x ml(-1) and the mean K1F was 0.118 +/- 0.031 ml x minute(-1) x ml(-1), respectively (mean +/- SD). Regional analysis showed excellent agreement between FlowH2O and K1F at low flow and a significant underestimation of flow by K1F relative to FlowH2O in regions of normal and elevated flow. The observed relationship between parameters followed the Renkin-Crone distribution. The permeability-surface product was determined as 0.25 minute(-1) for vertebral bodies consisting of a mixture of trabecular and cortical bone. We conclude that [18F]fluoride ion PET can be used to estimate bone blood flow in low and normal flow regions, as long as the flow dependency of the E(F) is taken into consideration. Above blood flow values of 0.2 to 0.35 ml x minute(-1) x ml(-1), the magnitude of K1F is increasingly independent on blood flow because diffusion limits tracer transport.     

Are genetic factors important in the aetiology of leukoaraiosis? Results from a memory clinic population

Although cumulative evidence suggests that a genetic predisposition plays a major role in development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and/or lupus nephritis (LN), the susceptibility genes are mostly unknown. The difficulty in identifying susceptibility genes is due in part to multiple genes with variable genetic effects and the diverse genetic backgrounds of human populations. In human SLE, genes of early components of complements as well as many polymorphic genes (including the MHC class II and class III, FcgammaR, mannose-binding protein, IL-6, Bcl-2, and IL-10 genes) have been associated with SLE or LN by population-based case-control or within-case studies. The contribution of some of these disease-associated genes to the presence or absence of clinical manifestations has been further tested in mice with targeted disruption of the specific candidate gene. In addition to SLE susceptibility genes, there may be a separate set of nephropathy susceptibility genes predisposing to LN as suggested by the familial clustering of end-stage renal disease in African-Americans with LN. The availability of densely mapped genetic markers spanning the entire genome has enabled the identification of chromosomal regions linked to disease susceptibility genes without prior knowledge of the gene function. Our group has used known murine lupus susceptibility loci as a guide, and conducted linkage analysis of genetic markers located within a specific, possibly syntenic human chromosomal region. Evidence for linkage of a chromosome 1q41-42 region was observed in SLE-affected sib pairs from multiple ethnic groups. More recently, several groups have reported results of genome scans of SLE-affected sib pairs or pedigrees. These exciting recent developments in delineating the genetic basis of SLE or LN are summarized in this review.     

Anesthesia type does not influence early graft patency or limb salvage rates of lower extremity arterial bypass

PURPOSE: The effect of anesthesia type on 30-day graft patency and limb salvage rates was evaluated in patients who underwent femoral to distal artery bypass. METHODS: Of 423 patients randomly assigned to receive general, spinal, or epidural anesthetic, 76 did not meet protocol standards and 32 had inadequate anesthesia. A chart review of the remaining 315 patients was undertaken to obtain surgical information not recorded in the original study. All patients were monitored with radial and pulmonary artery catheters. After surgery, patients were in a monitored setting for 48 to 72 hours and had graft function assessments hourly during the first 24 hours and then every 8 hours until discharge. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients were lost to follow-up (15 general, 22 spinal, 14 epidural). Baseline clinical characteristics were similar for the three groups except prior carotid artery surgery, which was more common in the spinal group. Indications for surgery were also similar except for a higher incidence of nonhealing ulcer in the epidural group. There were no differences among groups for 30-day graft patency with or without reoperation, 30-day graft occlusion, death, amputation, or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the type of anesthetic given for femoral to distal artery bypass does not significantly affect 30-day occlusion rate, limb salvage rate, or hospital length of stay.     

Carnivoran paleoguilds of Africa: implications for hominid food procurement strategies

Tool-using hominids, as carnivorous animals, would have been part of the various carnivore guilds present in Plio-Pleistocene Africa. Hominid dietary strategies must be understood within the larger context of carnivore behavior and ecology, as carnivorans could have affected the abilities of hominids to procure meat and/or marrow. The functional anatomy of extant and fossil carnivorans was examined to infer behaviors in fossil carnivorans that would have impacted on hominid dietary strategies in terms of carcass availability. Comparisons of guild structure were carried out to examine changes in carnivoran interactions and their implications for hominid behavior. Plio-Pleistocene carnivorans engaged in a wider range of behaviors than modern carnivorans. The sabertoothed felids Dinofelis and Megantereon probably did not provide much larger carcasses than modern species. Another sabertooth, Homotherium generated larger carcasses, but may have disarticulated and transported these carcasses. Fossil representatives of modern taxa may not have been equivalent ecologically within the carnivoran guild. Overall, hominids in eastern Africa probably had a greater range of scavenging opportunities than did those of southern Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Local and continent-wide extinction events in large-bodied carnivoran guilds from 1 to 2 Ma had a substantial effect on carcass availability and the risk to hominid scavengers. These structural changes in the carnivore guild may have provided an opportunity for hominids to widen their niche with respect to dietary behavior.     

Response of Infective Stage Parasites (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) to Volatile Cues from Infected Hosts

Volatile infochemicals play a significant role in the interactions between trophic levels. Volatile infochemicals may allow species within the third trophic level to avoid patches where conspecifics or heterospecifics are present. We show odor-mediated resource assessment by entomopathogenic nematodes in the family Steinernematidae. We hypothesized that the infective juvenile nematodes may reduce inter- and intraspecific competition by responding differently to unparasitized hosts vs. hosts parasitized by conspecific or heterospecific nematodes. All Steinernema spp. except S. carpocapsae were attracted to hosts that were not parasitized. Steinernema carpocapsae infective juveniles were repelled from hosts infected for 4 hr with all heterospecific infections except S. anomaliwhereas S. glaseri were repelled only from S. riobravis-infected hosts. Steinernema feltiae did not differentiate any heterospecific or heterogeneric infections. Steinernema glaseri were attracted to four of five heterospecific infections and S. anomali and S. riobravis were attracted to two of five heterospecific infections. Both S. anomali and S. glaseri were more attracted to hosts infected with the out-group Heterorhabditis bacteriophora than those infected by conspecific nematodes. Infective juvenile S. carpocapsae S. anomaliand S. glaseri were more attracted to insects colonized by conspecific nematodes than to uninfested insects. Infective juvenile S. carpocapsae were repelled from the 24-hr-old conspecific infections, whereas S. glaseri were less attracted to 24- than to 4-hr-old conspecific infections. Experiments with insects injected with bacteria from the nematodes suggested the latter as the source of active volatiles. We suggest that odor-mediated host recognition by infective juveniles may reduce inter- and intraspecific competition among Steinernematidae.