ESCA study on the destruction mechanism of metal-resin adhesion due to water penetrating through the resin

The mechanism destroying the adhesion between PMMA and mild steel, and the action of water molecules reaching the adhesion interface was investigated. Mild steel and a thin PMMA film were bonded with dental adhesive (4-META resin). After immersion in water, the adhesive layer was peeled from the metal surface. The surface was analysed by ESCA, reflection electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction to elucidate changes in surface structure. After 2 weeks immersion, there was a very thin brown product and after 2 months a thick black corrosion product composed of Fe₃O₄ formed at the adhesion interface. The thin brown layer showed no X-ray diffraction pattern but reflection electron diffraction showed it to be FeO(OH). After 3 days immersion, the mild steel surface appeared unchanged through the clear resin layer, and ESCA analysis showed the same chemical state as the surface of the specimen immersed for 2 weeks. Destruction of adhesion between metal and adhesive is caused by destruction of the chemical bond by the water molecules permeating through the resin layer. It is followed by corrosion of mild steel which produced iron oxide hydrate.     

An intelligent power IC with double buried-oxide layers formed bySIMOX technology

A device structure for an intelligent power LSI composed of a vertical power MOSFET and a control CMOS LSI on a single chip is discussed. The distinctive feature of the device structure is that double buried-oxide layers formed by SIMOX technology are utilized to electrically protect the CMOS LSI from the high voltage applied to the power MOSFET. An evaluation of the electrical characteristics of an intelligent power IC and its components fabricated on a trial basis for automotive applications verifies the usefulness of the device structure     

HLA class II genotyping of sarcoidosis patients in Hokkaido by PCR-RFLP

To confirm the significant association of sarcoidosis with HLA-DR5, -DR6, and -DR8 associated DRB1 alleles, in sarcoidosis patients from the eastern Japan (Kanto) area found in our previous study, we used HLA class II genotyping of patients in another region-Hokkaido, in northern Japan. The annual incidence of sarcoidosis in Hokkaido is about three times that of eastern Japan, and Hokkaido has one of the world's highest incidences of this disease. For the HLA class II (HLA-DRB1, -DRB3, -DQA1, -DQB1) genotyping, we used the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method with 150 subjects: 40 sarcoidosis patients and 110 healthy controls. The frequencies of DRB1*12, DRB1*14, DRB1*08, DQA1*0501, and DQB1*0301 were significantly increased in the patients, compared with the controls. Our finding of a high frequency of DRB1*08 (which lacks the DRB3 gene encoding the DR52 antigen) in patients living in both eastern Japan and in Hokkaido, confirms that it is the HLA-DRB1 locus, rather than that of the HLA-DRB3, -DQA1, or -DQB1, which determines the susceptibility to sarcoidosis.     

Evaluation of orthodontic results with fuzzy inference

Evaluation of the results of orthodontic treatment is crucial for the improvement of the practitioner's therapeutic skills. Conventional methods of appraisal are based on ill-defined subjective criteria, however, or fail to make their criteria explicit. In order to provide a more objective appraisal, we surveyed 10 experienced practitioners regarding their criteria for evaluating 12 items such as the overjet, or the amount of horizontal projection of the upper front teeth beyond the lower ones. For each item, their opinions were averaged as the definition of membership in the category of “completely favorable.” Algorithms were devised for comparing the posttreatment results with the pre-treatment condition of need, in order to evaluate the degree of therapeutic success. the average of all 12 evaluations is taken as the appraisal of treatment. A hardware system incorporating these algorithms has been developed. This system, representing the first successful application of fuzzy inference to the evaluation of orthodontic treatment, is expected to provide orthodontists with an accurate and objective means of making such an appraisal and thereby help improve their therapeutic skills. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Improved Photometric Standards and Calibration Procedures at NIST

NIST has recently established a detector-based luminous intensity unit (candela, cd), which is derived from the NIST absolute cryogenic radiometer. Subsequently, the luminous flux unit (lumen, lm) and the luminance unit (cd/m²) have been established based on the detector-based candela, and now all the NIST photometric units are tied to the cryogenic radiometer. The illuminance unit is realized and maintained on five standard photometers. The large dynamic range of the standard photometers eliminates the need for maintaining many working standard lamps of various wattages. The luminous intensities of lamps are determined from the illuminances measured with these photometers and the distances measured with a linear encoder system. Transfer photometers and illuminance meters are calibrated by direct comparison with the standard photometers with no distance measurements involved. The luminous flux unit is realized using an absolute integrating sphere method newly developed at NIST. The luminance unit is realized on an integrating sphere source, which is used for calibration of other luminance sources and luminance meters. These detector-based methods have made it possible to reduce the uncertainties of photometric calibrations and to provide more varieties of photometric calibration services at NIST.     

Computations of probabilistic output admissible set for uncertain constrained systems

This paper considers uncertain constrained systems, and develops two algorithms for computing a probabilistic output admissible (POA) set which is a set of initial states probabilistically assured to satisfy the constraint. The first algorithm is inspired by an existing randomized sequential technique. The second algorithm alleviates the computational effort based on heuristics. The present algorithms terminate in a finite number of iterations and provide a POA set. Additionally, we can obtain information on the size of the resulting set a posteriori. A numerical simulation demonstrates the applicability of the POA set to a control system design scheme.     

Synthesis of Calcium Silicate Hydrate with Ca/Si = 2 by Mechanochemical Treatment

An amorphous, C-S-H-like phase with Ca/Si = 2 was synthesized from amorphous precipitated silica, calcium oxide, and water by mechanochemical treatment using a vibration mill at room temperature. The product was studied by XRD, ²⁹Si MASNMR, TEM, analytical TEM, and TGA-DTA. After 14 h of treatment, the starting materials react to form an amorphous phase (C-S-H-like phase). The XRD pattern of C-S-H-like phase resembles the C-S-H formed hydrothermally or by cement hydration except it has no reflection at 0.182 nm. The ²⁹Si NMR results revealed a silicate anion structure of C-S-H-like phase consisting mainly of a mixture of a monomer and a dimer. On heating, the C-S-H-like phase decomposed into β-dicalcium silicate below 1000°C.     

Delay Analysis of Packet Switching System with a Satellite Having Processing Capability

This correspondence deals with the satellite packet switching system employing a frame format proposed by Ng and Mark [1], and analyzes the average queueing and scheduling delay without a rough approximation made by Ng and Mark [2]. The numerical results indicate that the delay computed by the proposed algorithms is quite different from that given by Ng and Mark, especially in both the regions of low and high traffic intensities.     

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia

To explore the role of perfectionism across anxiety disorders, 175 patients with either panic disorder (PD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), social phobia, or specific phobia, as well as 49 nonclinical volunteers, completed two measures [Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R., (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449-468; Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L., (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456-470.] that assess a total of nine different dimensions of perfectionism. Relative to the other groups, social phobia was associated with greater concern about mistakes (CM), doubts about actions (DA), and parental criticism (PC) on one measure and more socially prescribed perfectionism (SP) on the other measure. OCD was associated with elevated DA scores relative to the other groups. PD was associated with moderate elevations on the CM and DA subscales. The remaining dimensions of perfectionism failed to differentiate among groups. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.