A 90-nm low-power 32-kB embedded SRAM with gate leakage suppression circuit for mobile applications

In sub-100-nm generation, gate-tunneling leakage current increases and dominates the total standby leakage current of LSIs based on decreasing gate-oxide thickness. Showing that the gate leakage current is effectively reduced by lowering the gate voltage, we propose a local dc level control (LDLC) for SRAM cell arrays and an automatic gate leakage suppression driver (AGLSD) for peripheral circuits. We designed and fabricated a 32-kB 1-port SRAM using 90-nm CMOS technology. The six-transistor SRAM cell size is 1.25 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. Evaluation shows that the standby current of 32-kB SRAM is 1.2 /spl mu/A at 1.2 V and room temperature. It is reduced to 7.5% of conventional SRAM.     

Major glycoproteins solubilized from the teleostean egg membrane by the action of the hatching enzyme

Three methionine-modified derivatives of ovine prolactin have been prepared: two by oxidation of the methionines by H2O2 to sulfoxide (partial and complete), and the third by complete alkylation of the metionines with iodoacetic acid to the carboxymethyl sulfonium salts. The derivatives were characterized by exclusion chromatography, amino acid composition, circular dichroism spectra, relative rates of digestion by trypsin, and biological activity. Partially oxidized prolactin, having four of its seven methionines oxidized, was very similar to the native hormone. The unmodified methionines in partially oxidized prolactin were found to be the residues at positions 36, 81 and 132. The prolactin derivatives in which all the methionines had been oxidized, or alkylated, showed major changes in all parameters examined. In addition, circular dichroism spectra indicated that complete modification of all the methionines in prolactin exposes the normally buried tryptophans.     

冰蓄冷系统的测量

蓄冰率是冰蓄冷系统运行管理与优化控制的重要测量参数，其测量方法是冰蓄冷技术的核心内容之一，本文总结了目前静态与动态制冰系统中蓄冰率测量的各种方法．并对其测量原理进行了简洁描述。     

Measurements of neutron dose rates with a balloon in Japan

Measurements of cosmic-ray neutron dose rates with a balloon in Sanriku, Japan (geographic location: 39 degrees N, 142 degrees E; corresponding geomagnetic latitude: 30 degrees N) were conducted at an altitude from 0.2 to 25 km on 25-26 August 2004 when solar activity was at an average level. Neutron dose rates given as ambient dose equivalent rates (H*(10)) were measured with high-sensitive neutron dose equivalent counters and electronic silicon personal dosimeters (EPDs). The neutron dose rates increased with increasing altitude, but they were saturated around 15-20 km and decreased with increasing altitude beyond 20 km. The neutron ambient dose equivalent rate was 1.5 microSv/h(- 1) at 20 km. Measured values were corrected for the deviation of the energy response of the dose equivalent counter from the fluence-to-ambient dose equivalent conversion coefficient, and the corrected values were very close to the calculated values with EPCARD. On the other hand, neutron measurements by the EPDs gave about 10 times overestimation because of the high sensitivity to cosmic-ray protons.     

Structural Change of Maize Starch Granules by Ball-mill Treatment

Effect of ball-mill treatment on physical properties and molecular change of maize starch granule was investigated. Ball-mill treatment was done by rotary type mill, and species of maize starch are normal, waxy and high amylose (amylo). Running time of the treatment is 0–320 h. Starch granules loss smoothness on surface and became rough, even though their changing speed was different among the three species. But, they retained whole figure and size after 320 h treatment in the all cases. Amylase susceptivity and water absorption activity were measured. Structural change of starch components was compared among the three species with X-ray diffraction, DSC and GPC. High Performance An-ion Exchange Chromatography (HPAEC) pattern of debranched sample treated with ball-mill for 320 h showed that formation of very short chain in amylopectin is little. ¹³C solid-NMR spectra suggest that disruption of molecules of amylopectin and amylose with ball-mill might occur at their glycosidic linkage. However, very slight radical was observed by Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy (ESR) in the case of 320 h sample.     

Suppression of Bone Necrosis around Tooth Extraction Socket in a MRONJ-like Mouse Model by E-rhBMP-2 Containing Artificial Bone Graft Administration

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is related to impaired bone healing conditions in the maxillomandibular bone region as a complication of bisphosphonate intake. Although there are several hypotheses for the onset of MRONJ symptoms, one of the possible causes is the inhibition of bone turnover and blood supply leading to bone necrosis. The optimal treatment strategy for MRONJ has not been established either. BMP-2, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is well known for regulating bone remodeling and homeostasis prenatally and postnatally. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate whether cyclophosphamide/zoledronate (CY/ZA) induces necrosis of the bone surrounding the tooth extraction socket, and to examine the therapeutic potential of BMP-2 in combination with the hard osteoinductive biomaterial, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), in the prevention and treatment of alveolar bone loss around the tooth extraction socket in MRONJ-like mice models. First, CY/ZA was intraperitoneally administered for three weeks, and alveolar bone necrosis was evaluated before and after tooth extraction. Next, the effect of BMP-2/β-TCP was investigated in both MRONJ-like prevention and treatment models. In the prevention model, CY/ZA was continuously administered for four weeks after BMP-2/β-TCP transplantation. In the treatment model, CY/ZA administration was suspended after transplantation of BMP-2/β-TCP. The results showed that CY/ZA induced a significant decrease in the number of empty lacunae, a sign of bone necrosis, in the alveolar bone around the tooth extraction socket after tooth extraction. Histological analysis showed a significant decrease in the necrotic alveolar bone around tooth extraction sockets in the BMP-2/β-TCP transplantation group compared to the non-transplanted control group in both MRONJ-like prevention and treatment models. However, bone mineral density, determined by micro-CT analysis, was significantly higher in the BMP-2/β-TCP transplanted group than in the control group in the prevention model only. These results clarified that alveolar bone necrosis around tooth extraction sockets can be induced after surgical intervention under CY/ZA administration. In addition, transplantation of BMP-2/β-TCP reduced the necrotic alveolar bone around the tooth extraction socket. Therefore, a combination of BMP-2/β-TCP could be an alternative approach for both prevention and treatment of MRONJ-like symptoms.     

Acceptor recognition of kojibiose phosphorylase from Thermoanaerobacter brockii: syntheses of glycosyl glycerol and myo-inositol

The glucosyl transfer reaction of kojibiose phosphorylase (KP; EC 2.4.1.230) was examined using glycerol or myo-inositol as an acceptor. In the case of glycerol, KP produced two main transfer products: saccharides A and B. The structure of saccharide A was O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)-glycerol and that of saccharide B was O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)-glycerol. These results show that KP transferred a glucose residue to the hydroxyl group at position 1 of glycerol. On the other hand, when myo-inositol was used as an acceptor, KP produced four transfer products: saccharides 1-4. The structures of saccharides 1 and 2 were O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)- and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->5)-myo-inositol, respectively; those of saccharides 3 and 4 were O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)- and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->5)-myo-inositol, respectively. KP transferred a glucose residue to the hydroxyl group at position 1 or 5 of myo-inositol. On the basis of the structures of their glucosyl transfer products, glycerol and myo-inositol were found to have a common structure with three hydroxyl groups corresponding to the hydroxyl group of the glucose molecule at positions 2, 3 and 4. The conformation of these three hydroxyl groups in the structure is equatorial. This structure is the substrate recognition site of KP. It has been suggested that KP strictly recognizes the structures of glycerol and myo-inositol, and catalyzes the transfer reaction of a glucose residue to the hydroxyl group at position 1 in glycerol, and at position 1 or 5 in myo-inositol, corresponding to position 2 in glucose.     

Effect of a dynamic absorber on friction-induced vibration of a rectangular plate

When a plate-like object is rubbed by rubber, friction-induced vibration is generated. To reduce the friction-induced vibration, we experimentally investigate the characteristics of the vibration of a rectangular glass plate. The results show that the frequency of the friction-induced vibration is almost the same as the natural frequency of a glass plate. The vibration is generated when the natural frequency of a rubbing system is close to that of a glass plate. We then examine the effect of a dynamic absorber mounted on the glass plate. The results demonstrate that the damping of a dynamic absorber is effective for suppressing the friction-induced vibration. Numerical simulation is also performed using a simplified analytical model. The calculated results agree qualitatively with the experimental ones.     

Effect of the polarization and incident angle of excitation light on the fluorescence enhancement observed with a multilayered substrate fabricated by Ag and Al2O3

The fluorescence from a fluorophore on a multilayered substrate fabricated by a metal and a dielectric is known to be enhanced by more than 100-fold. In the course of this study, we prepared a multilayered substrate with Ag as the metal and Al(2)O(3) as the dielectric and then investigated the effects of the polarization of the excitation light on the enhancement of the multilayered substrate. It was found that the enhancement was attributed to an electric field oscillating parallel to the substrate. Maximum 200-fold enhancement could be achieved with 80 nm thick Al(2)O(3) when an unpolarized excitation light was used with an incident angle of 20 degrees.