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991.
In this paper the previously introduced wavefront analysis is extended to heterogeneous reaction systems, which consist of several reaction steps. It is shown how three mainly informations obtained at the wavefront, namely the damping of the wavefront, the time-gradients at the wavefront and the propagation velocity of the wavefront, can be used for kinetic investigations of a reaction step under consideration. 相似文献
992.
993.
Henry?S.?Lam Andrew?ProctorEmail author 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2003,80(6):563-567
The changes in milled rice FFA content and composition and in conjugated diene (CD) content and bacterial, yeast, and mold
counts were determined at 24, 37, and 50°C and 70% RH over 50 d. There was a rapid rate of FFA formation during the first
few days of storage, which was optimal at 37°C, but that slowed after 2, 4, and 5 d at 37, 24, and 50°C, respectively. There
was a second increase in FFA after about day 12 that increased with increasing temperature, indicating nonlipase hydrolysis.
Linoleic and oleic acids were the main components of the total FFA produced on the surface of milled rice. The pattern of
CD development followed that of FFA increase. Bacterial growth correlated with increased FFA levels after 12 d of storage,
suggesting that bacterial lipase rather than bran lipase may be responsible for rice lipid hydrolysis 相似文献
994.
Several investigations have been carried out on Cu/ZnO catalysts by employing extended Xray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). EXAFS investigations of Cu/ZnO catalysts subjected to hydrogen reduction show the presence of Cu1+ species and Cu microclusters. The proportion of Cu1+ depends on the rate of increase of the reduction temperature and on the amount of alumina added. An XPS study of the interaction of CO with model Cu/ZnO catalysts prepared in situ in the electron spectrometer shows the formation of CO2
-, CO3
2- and C2O4
2- species, their proportion relative to CO increasing with the Cu1+/Cu0 ratio. A study of the interaction of CH3OH with Cu clusters deposited on ZnO films reveals reversible molecular adsorption and the formation of CH3O on clean Cu clusters. If the Cu clusters are pretreated with oxygen, however, both CH3O and HCOO- species are produced. Model Cu/ZnO catalyst surfaces containing both Cu1+ and Cu0 species show interesting oxidation properties. On a Cu0-rich catalyst surface, only the CH3O species is formed on interaction with CH3OH. On a Cu1+rich surface, the HCOO- ion is the predominant species. 相似文献
995.
Films made from a 77/23 weight percent polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene blend were stretched using an Instron apparatus. The structures of the samples were examined by methods which included ion beam etching and electron microscopy. The drawn samples exhibited a metallically lustrous and highly reflective surface up to a draw temperature, TR, of 70°C and a draw ratio of about 5. Under certain conditions the change in structure caused by the stretching resulted in the formation of a highly uniform fibril-void structure. The voids are up to 3 μm in width and 160 μm in length and are formed primarily as a result of aggregation and then separation of the microfibrils of the individual polymer components. 相似文献
996.
Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4
There is increased consumer awareness that foods contain microcomponents that may have beneficial effects on health maintenance
and disease prevention. In milk fat these functional food components include EPA, DHA, and CLA. The opportunity to enhance
the content of these FA in milk has improved as a result of recent advances that have better defined the interrelationships
between rumen fermentation, lipid metabolism, and milk fat synthesis. Dietary lipids undergo extensive hydrolysis and biohydrogenation
in the rumen. Milk fat is predominantly TG, and de novo FA synthesis and the uptake of circulating FA contribute nearly equal amounts (molar basis) to the FA in milk fat. Transfer
of dietary EPA and DHA to milk fat is very low (<4%); this is, to a large extent, related to their extensive biohydrogenation
in the rumen, and also partly due to the fact that they are not transported in the plasma lipid fractions that serve as major
mammary sources of FA uptake (TG and nonesterified FA). Milk contains over 20 isomers of CLA but the predominant one is cis-9,trans-11 (75–90% of total CLA). Biomedical studies with animal models have shown that this isomer has anticarcinogenic and anti-atherogenic
activities. cis-9,trans-11-CLA is produced as an intermediate in the rumen biohydrogenation of linoleic acid but not of linolenic acid. However,
it is only a transient intermediate, and the major source of milk fat CLA is from endogenous synthesis. Vaccenic acid, produced
as a rumen biohydrogenation intermediate from both linoleic acid and linolenic acid, is the substrate, and Δ9-desaturase in
the mammary gland and other tissues catalyzes the reaction. Diet can markedly affect milk fat CLA content, and there are also
substantial differences among individual cows. Thus, strategies to enhance milk fat CLA involve increasing rumen outflow of
vaccenic acid and increasing Δ9-desaturase activity, and through these, several-fold increases in the content of CLA in milk
fat can be routinely achieved. Overall, concentrations of CLA, and to a lesser extent EPA and DHA, can be significantly enhanced
through the use of diet formulation and nutritional management of dairy cows. 相似文献
997.
Reaction selectivities were determined in multicompetitive reactions mediated by Burkholderia cepacia lipase (Amano PS-30) at a water activity of 0.19 in hexane. Saturated FA (C4–C18 even chain) and oleic acid (C18∶1) were
reacted with a single alcohol, glycerol, α-or β-MAG, containing C4, C10, C16, or C18∶1 individually as alcohol cosubstrate.
Similar odrinal patterns of FA selectivity, with C8, C10, and C16 preferred over others, were generally observed for incorporation
of FA into specific acylglycerol (AG) pools of the 24 specific cases evaluated. The three exceptions were enrichment of C14
and C18 in the MAG pool with α-C16-MAG, substrate, and a general suppression of >C8 incorporation into the TAG pool for reactions
with α-C10- and α-C16-MAG. PS-30 lipase selectivity toward MAG was in descending order: α/β-C4-MAG>β-C10-MAG>β-C16-MAG>α/β-C18∶1-MAG>α-C10-MAG>α-C16-MAG.
Selectivity in channeling CX of the original CX-MAG substrates into higher AG species was in descending order: α-C10-MAG∼α-C16-MAG>α-C18∶1-MAG>β-C10-MAG∼β-C16-MAG∼β-C18∶1-MAG
>α/β-C4-MAG. Generally, MAG were better acyl donors than FA for esterification reactions leading to DAG formation. These observations
are relevant to the design of biocatalytic processes intended to yield specifically structured TAG. 相似文献
998.
We identified many novel oxygenated FA produced from linoleic acid by microbial strain ALA2: 12,13,17-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic
acid (12,13,17-THOA); 12,13,16-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (12,13,16-THOA); 12-hydroxy-13,16-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic
acid; and 12,17;13,17-diepoxy-16-hydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid. 12,13,17-THOA, the main product, inhibits the growth of some
plant pathogenic fungi. Recently, we reclassified strain ALA2 as Bacillus megaterium ALA2 NRRL B-21660 and opened a possible link with the well-studied catalytically self-sufficient P450 monooxygenase of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581 (NRRL B-3712) and B. subtilis strain 168 (NRRL B-4219). Now we have found that strain ALA2 also oxidizes palmitic acid into three oxygenated products:
13-, 14-, and 15-hydroxy palmitic acids. This indicates that strain ALA2 also possesses a monooxygenase system similar to
the abovementioned well-known strains. These data facilitate studies on the oxygenase system of strain ALA2. 相似文献
999.
Michael?W.?PlesniakEmail author Paul?E.?Sojka Anshul?K.?Singh 《Journal of Coatings Technology and Research》2004,1(2):137-145
Spray transfer efficiency (TE) is defined as the mass fraction of sprayed paint which is deposited on the intended target,
the remainder of the sprayed paint becomes undesirable overspray. The relationship between TE and gun supply pressure (or
paint mass flow rate), gun-to-target distance, gun traverse speed, the angle of the spray gun relative to the target (gun-to-target
angle), plus spray cone angle is reported herein for a typical fan spray system. Experimental results indicate that spray
momentum rate (SMR) and droplet size dictate the TE for the various combinations of parameters considered here. The key finding
is that TE correlates with SMR and spray mean drop size (Sauter mean diameter, or D32) via an expression of the form TE=a+b SMR − c (SMR)2+d D32, where a, b, c, and d are coefficients, determined by fitting the experimental data, and SMR is estimated via SMR=m2/ρA, where the paint mass flow rate m, the paint density is ρ, and the gun exit orifice effective tip cross sectional area
is A. This expression accounts for physical phenomena that govern sprayed droplet deposition characteristics, such as entrainment,
bounce-back, and drop size.
Experimental results also show that, for the range of parameters studied, gun traverse speed has no effect on TE, but increasing
the angle of the spray gun relative to the target (gun-to-target angle), increasing the spray cone angle, or increasing the
gun-to-target distance will decrease TE. 相似文献
1000.
Characterization of the adipose tissue atrophy induced by peroxisome proliferators in mice 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
In the present study, we characterized the effects of peroxisome proliferators (PP) on adipose tissue in mice. Treatment with
potent PP, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 2-methyl-2-(p(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-naphthyl)-phenoxy)propionic acid, (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)2-pyrimidinylthio) acetic acid, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,
caused dramatic decreases in adipose tissue weight, whereas the moderately potent PP, acetylsalicylic acid, had a relatively
weak effect. This decrease in weight reflects a loss of fat from adipocytes rather than a loss of cells, as demonstrated by
constant DNA content. The dose-dependency and time-course experiments indicate that peroxisome proliferation occurs simultaneously
with or prior to adipose tissue atrophy. Thus, hepatic peroxisome proliferation might result in the increased mobilization
of lipids and lipid utilization in liver. The enhanced adipose tissue hormonesensitive lipase (HSL) activity and down-regulated
lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity observed upon PP treatment might, at least in part, explain the loss of fat via increase FA release from adipocytes and/or decreased FA uptake from the circulation, respectively. In addition, the possible
involvement of the increased tumor necrosis factor α expression found upon PFOA treatment in reducing the insulin sensitivity
of adipose tissue and thereby altering LPL and HSL activities is discussed. 相似文献