The analysis of essential oils and extracts (oleoresins) from seasonings--a critical review.

A critical review of the analytical methods employed for the determination of the relevant components of seasonings is presented. Where the available methods were inadequate, new ones have been devised. Particular emphasis has been placed on those methods of analysis that provide a rapid and sufficiently accurate appraisal of seasoning extracts and essential oils from seasonings under routine control laboratory conditions. At the same time, the margin of error of these methods has been determined. The individual seasoning extracts were assessed according to the following criteria: (1) essential oil--cardamom, laurel leaves, cloves, origanum (marjoram), sage, and thyme; (2) essential oil and nonvolatile lipids--dillseed, coriander, caraway, mace, nutmeg, pimento (allspice), and celery seed; (3) essential oil and/or pungent ingredients--capsicum, ginger, and pepper; (4) essential oil and/or coloring matter--turmeric (curcuma) and paprika; (5) essential oil and other components--garlic, onion, and cinnamon.     

Influence of rosemary-tocopherol/packaging combination on meat quality and the survival of pathogens in restructured irradiated pork loins

Irradiated restructured pork loins treated with rosemary-tocopherol/double-packaging had lower TBARS values than vacuum-packaged control after 10 days of refrigerated storage. The rosemary-tocopherol combination, however, had no effect on the production of sulfur volatiles responsible for the irradiation off-odor, and color changes in irradiated pork. V7/A3 double-packaging was effective in reducing the sulfur volatiles significantly. Rosemary-tocopherol combination was highly effective in reducing the volatile hexanal in irradiated restructure pork. Irradiation was effective in reducing Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium inoculated on the surface of restructured pork loin in dose-dependent manner. The irradiation D(10) values for L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium were 0.58 and 0.55kGy, respectively. During the 20 days of refrigerated storage, L. monocytogenes in both nonirradiated and irradiated samples grew gradually, but the number of S. typhimurium decreased. The added rosemary-tocopherol, however, showed little bacteriocidal effects to L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium.     

Dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé: The Cameroonian total diet study

Dietary exposure to pesticide residues was assessed in Yaoundé, Cameroon, using the total diet study (TDS) method. Sixty-three composite samples, representative of the foods as consumed in Yaoundé, were collected, prepared, and analysed for residues of pesticides including organochlorine, organophosphorous, and pyrethroids. A multi-residue method was used with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.005mgkg^?1. Additional analyses were performed for dithiocarbamates (LOD=0.050mgkg^?1), glyphosate (LOD=0.005mgkg^?1) and chlordecone (LOD=0.0008mgkg^?1) on certain composites samples. The overall contamination was low with 37 out of 46 pesticides below the LOD in all samples. The estimated upper bound (for values less than the LOD equal the LOD; and values less than the LOQ equal the LOQ) of the mean dietary exposures ranged from 0.24% (cypermethrin) to 3.03% (pirimiphos-methyl) of the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for pesticides for which at least one analysis was greater than the LOD. This study suggests a low dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé.     

Comparison between conjugated linoleic acid and essential fatty acids in preventing oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Some in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated protective effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. However, only a few and conflicting studies have been conducted showing the antioxidant potential of essential fatty acids. The objectives of the study were to compare the effects of CLA to other essential fatty acids on the thiol redox status of bovine mammary epithelia cells (BME-UV1) and their protective role against oxidative damage on the mammary gland by an in vitro study. The BME-UV1 cells were treated with complete medium containing 50 μM of cis-9,trans-11 CLA, trans-10,cis-12 CLA, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and linoleic acid. To assess the cellular antioxidant response, glutathione, NADPH, and γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase activity were measured 48 h after addition of fatty acids (FA). Intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production were also assessed in cells supplemented with FA. Reactive oxygen species production after 3 h of H₂O₂ exposure was assessed to evaluate and to compare the potential protection of different FA against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. All FA treatments induced an intracellular GSH increase, matched by high concentrations of NADPH and an increase of γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase activity. Cells supplemented with FA showed a reduction in intracellular malondialdehyde levels. In particular, CLA isomers and linoleic acid supplementation showed a better antioxidant cellular response against oxidative damage induced by H₂O₂ compared with other FA.     

Hematological and biochemical parameters of dairy calves submitted to pegbovigrastim administration

This study was designed to evaluate the response of hematological and biochemical parameters submitted to pegbovigrastim administration and postchallenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In experiment 1, 20 newborn Holstein calves were divided into 2 groups: the Imrestor (Elanco Saúde Animal, São Paulo, Brazil) group (IMR, n = 10), which received a 25 μg/kg of body weight (BW) subcutaneous administration of pegbovigrastim, and the control group (CTR, n = 10), which received a subcutaneous administration of 0.9% saline solution. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 10, 12, and 14 relative to birth to analyze the biochemical and hematological parameters. Moreover, growth measurements were taken on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 60 relative to birth. The number of total leukocytes in the IMR group increased on d 12 and 14 in comparison to the CTR group, as well as the counts of segmented neutrophils, band cells, and monocytes. No differences were observed in the other hematological, biochemical, and growth parameters. In experiment 2, 20 Holstein calves from 30 to 60 d old were divided into 4 groups: group 1 (LPS, n = 5) received a 0.25 μg/kg of BW single intravenous dose of Escherichia coli LPS at d 0; group 2 (IMR, n = 5) received a 25 μg/kg of BW subcutaneous dose of pegbovigrastim at d 1; group 3 (IMR + LPS, n = 5) received a 0.25 μg/kg of BW intravenous LPS dose at d 0 and a 25 μg/kg of BW subcutaneous dose of pegbovigrastim at d 1; and group 4 (CTR, n = 5) received an intravenous dose of 0.9% sodium chloride at d 0 and a subcutaneous dose of 0.9% sodium chloride at d 1. For the analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters, blood samples were collected on d ?1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 14, and 21 relative to LPS administration. An increase in the number of total leukocytes was observed in the IMR, IMR + LPS, and LPS groups, and the IMR group remained as the highest from d 2 to 21. The levels of paraoxonase 1 were higher in the IMR group compared with all the others. The administration of pegbovigrastim in the dairy calves increased the number of circulating leukocytes, especially neutrophils, with an increase in paraoxonase 1, without altering the metabolites for the hepatic function.     

Comparative amino acid and fatty acid compositions of edible gums kondagogu (Cochlospermum gossypium) and karaya (Sterculia urens)

Gum karaya and gum kondagogu are the two important commercial tree gums of India. The amino acids and fatty acid profiles of gum kondagogu and gum karaya were investigated by preparing their corresponding N-O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) derivatives for amino acids and direct trans-esterification of methyl esters for fatty acids and their subsequent analysis by a GC–MS method. The amino acids, such as, alanine, valine, methionine, tyrosine and tryptophan, were not detected in gum karaya as they were in gum kondagogu. Interestingly, the aspartic acid content (72.8 ± 3.45 μg/g) of gum kondagogu was higher than that of gum karaya (64.2 ± 2.44 μg/g). The ratios of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid in gum kondagogu and gum karaya were found to be 5:1, and 6.6:1, respectively. Among the unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (1.8 ± 0.12 μg/g) and γ-linolenic acid (0.8 ± 0.05 μg/g) were detected only in gum kondagogu. Arachidic acid was not detected in gum karaya. Additionally, the presence of linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid in gum kondagogu reinforces its nutritional value.     

Mass transfer and electrocrystallization analyses of nanocrystalline nickel production by pulse plating

A comparison between the experimental process parameters employed for the pulse plating of nanocrystalline nickel and the solution-side mass transfer and electrokinetic characteristics has been carried out. It was found that the experimental process parameters (on-time, off time and cathodic pulse current density) for cathodic rectangular pulses are consistent and within the physical constraints (limiting pulse current density, transition time, capacitance effects and integrity of the waveform) predicted from theory with the adopted postulates. This theoretical analysis also provides a means of predicting the behaviour of the process subject to a change in the system, kinetic and process parameters. The product constraints (current distribution, nucleation rate and grain size), defined as the experimental conditions under which nanocrystalline grains are produced, were inferred from electrocrystallization theory. High negative overpotential, high adion population and low adion surface mobility are prerequisites for massive nucleation rates and reduced grain growth; conditions ideal for nanograin production. Pulse plating can satisfy the former two requirements but published calculations show that surface mobility is not rate-limiting under high negative overpotentials for nickel. Inhibitors are required to reduce surface mobility and this is consistent with experimental findings. Sensitivity analysis on the conditions which reduce the total overpotential (thereby providing more energy for the formation of new nucleation sites) are also carried out. The following lists the effect on the overpotential in decreasing order: cathodic duty cycle, charge transfer coefficient, Nernst diffusion thickness, diffusion coefficient, kinetic parameter () and exchange current density.Nomenclature A constant employed in Fig. 8, (nFi₀)/(RT _e C _a)(s^–1) - B constant in Equation 38 (V²) - C cation concentration (molcm^–3) - C _a capacitance of double layer (µFcm^–2) - C _s cation surface concentration (molcm^–3) - C _s ^* dimensionless cation surface concentration, C _s/C (–) - C cation bulk concentration (molcm^–3) - D diffusion coefficient of cation (cm²s^–1) - E total applied potential (V) - E ⁰ standard cell potential (V) - F Faraday constant (Cmol^–1) - function defined in Appendix C(–) - Fr frequency of waveform (Hz) - f _i,p function defined in Appendix C for pth period (–) - f _i, function defined in Appendix C for p period (–) - G _j function defined in Appendix B (–) - gi function defined in Appendix B (–) - i current density (Acm^¨) - i _ac unsteady fluctuating a.c. current density (Acm^–2) - i _c capacitance current density (Acm^–2) - i _dc steady time-averaged d.c. current density (Acm^–2) - i _F Faradaic current density (Acm^–2) - i _lim limiting d.c. current density (Acm^–2) - i ₀ exchange current density (Acm^–2) - i _PL limiting pulse current density, i ₁{Cs = 0 at t = (p – 1) T + t ₁(Acm^–2) - i ₁ cathodic pulse current density (Acm^–2) - i ₂ relaxed or low current pulse current density (Acm^–2) - iin anodic pulse current density (Acm^–2) - i ^* dimensionless current density, i/|i _lim| (–) - i ₀ ^* dimensionless exchange current density, i _dc/|i _lim| (–) - i _dc ^* dimensionless steady time-averaged d.c. current density, i _dc/|i _lim| (–) - i _PL ^* dimensionless limiting cathodic pulse current density, i _PL/|i _lim| (–) - i _PL,p ^* dimensionless limiting pulse current density at pth period, i ₁(C _s = 0)/|i _lim| (–) - i _PL, ^* dimensionless limiting pulse current density for p , i ₁(C _s = 0)/|i _lim| (–) - i ₁ ^* dimensionless cathodic pulse current density, i ₁/|i _lim| (–)