Nachträgliche Abdichtung von Betonbauwerken durch Gelinjektionen

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Möglichkeiten, Betonbauwerke mit anderen als den in der Instandsetzungsrichtlinie des DAfStb aufgeführten Produkten abzudichten. Dafür kommen Injektionsgele in Frage, die eine Reihe vorteilhafter Eigenschaften besitzen, durch die eine erfolgreiche Abdichtung auch dann noch möglich ist, wenn die “klassischen” Verfahren zu scheitern drohen. Wesentliche Vertreter der Injektionsgele, für die eine Reihe von praktischen Erfahrungen und Forschungsergebnissen vorliegen, sind die Acrylatgele, deren Anwendung beschrieben werden. Ausgehend von beispielhaft genannten Randbedingungen und einer Darstellung der wesentlichen Materialeigenschaften werden die Arten der mit Gelinjektionen herstellbaren Abdichtungen (Gelschleierabdichtungen, Injektion in das Bauteil, in Bauteilzwischenräume und in Risse, sowie deren Mischformen) dargestellt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Schleierinjektion, da sie die größten Besonderheiten gegenüber den üblichen Injektionen zum Füllen von Rissen und Fehlstellen aufweist. Für die Schleierinjektionen werden Grenzen der Ausführbarkeit und Möglichkeiten zum Erkennen dieser Grenzen aufgezeigt. Eine solche Möglichkeit besteht in der Ausführung von Probeinjektionen mit Wasser an vorgesehenen Injektionsstellen in den am Bauwerk anstehenden Baugrund. Neben der Darstellung der technischen Grundlagen und Anwendungsgrenzen wird für die einzelnen Arten der Gelinjektionen aufgeführt, welche baurechtlichen Anforderungen zu beachten sind. Post‐Construction Sealing of Concrete Structures by Gel Grouting This article deals with possibilities to seal concrete structures by other products than those authorized by the DAfStb. Among those products are grout injection gels which have several favourable properties which allow the user to seal even those structures where conventional methods might fail. Particularly for acrylate gel there is already a wide range of experience. This article describes the main properties of the materials, standard boundary conditions and the resulting types of sealing: curtain grouting, injections into the structural components or joints between structural elements, in cracks and a mixture of the methods mentioned above. The focus is set on curtain grouting which differs significantly from common grouting to repair cracks and defects. The usage of curtain grouting is limited. A method is described to recognize those limitations. One possibility could be to perform test injections at the original site using water instead of the gel. Apart from technical basics and practical limitations the requirements made by the authorities are characterized.     

Targeted luminescent near-infrared polymer-nanoprobes for in vivo imaging of tumor hypoxia

Polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) were doped with an oxygen-sensitive near-infrared (NIR)-emissive palladium meso-tetraphenylporphyrin and an inert reference dye which are both excitable at 635 nm. The nanosensors were characterized with special emphasis on fundamental parameters such as absolute photoluminescence quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime. The PS-NPs were employed for ratiometric dual-wavelength and lifetime-based photoluminescent oxygen sensing. They were efficiently taken up by cultured murine alveolar macrophages, yielding a characteristic and reversible change in ratiometric response with decreasing oxygen concentration. This correlated with the cellular hypoxic status verified by analysis of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) accumulation. In addition, the surface of PS-NPs was functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the monoclonal antibody herceptin, and their binding to HER2/neu-overexpressing tumor cells was confirmed in vitro. First experiments with tumor-bearing mouse revealed a distinctive ratiometric response within the tumor upon hypoxic condition induced by animal sacrifice. These results demonstrate the potential of these referenced NIR nanosensors for in vitro and in vivo imaging that present a new generation of optical probes for oncology.     

Simple colorimetric method for quantification of surface carboxy groups on polymer particles

We present a novel, simple, and fast colorimetric method to quantify the total number of carboxy groups on polymer microparticle and nanoparticle surfaces. This method exploits that small divalent transition metal cations (M(2+) = Ni(2+), Co(2+), Cd(2+)) are efficiently bound to these surface functional groups, which allows their extraction by a single centrifugation step. Remaining M(2+) in the supernatant is subsequently quantified spectrophotometrically after addition of the metal ion indicator pyrocatechol violet, for which Ni(2+) was identified to be the most suitable transition metal cation. We demonstrate that the difference between added and detected M(2+) is nicely correlated to the number of surface carboxy groups as determined by conductometry, thereby affording a validated measure for the trueness of this procedure. The variation coefficient of ~5% found in reproducibility studies underlines the potential of this novel method that can find conceivable applications for the characterization of different types of poly(carboxylic acid)-functionalized materials, e.g., for quality control by manufacturers of such materials.     

Heme-dependent and heme-independent nitrite reduction by lactic acid bacteria results in different N-containing products

Seventy strains of lactic acid bacteria were investigated for nitrite reductase activity. Two types of this activity were detected. Type I was found in Lactobacillus plantarum, L. pentosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus. This activity is heme-dependent with ammonia as the sole product. Type II mechanism is heme-independent and reduces nitrite to NO and N₂O.     

Inducing Constructor Systems from Example-Terms by Detecting Syntactical Regularities

We present a technique for inducing functional programs from few, well chosen input/output-examples (I/O-examples). Potential applications for automatic program or algorithm induction are to enable end users to create their own simple programs, to assist professional programmers, or to automatically invent completely new and efficient algorithms. In our approach, functional programs are represented as constructor term rewriting systems (CSs) containing recursive rules. I/O-examples for a target function to be implemented are a set of pairs of terms (F(i_i),o_i) meaning that F(i_i)—denoting application of function F to input i_i—is rewritten to o_i by a CS implementing the function F. Induction is based on detecting syntactic regularities between example terms. In this paper we present theoretical results and describe an algorithm for inducing CSs over arbitrary signatures/data types which consist of one function defined by an arbitrary number of rules with an arbitrary number of non-nested recursive calls in each rule. Moreover, we present empirical results based on a prototypical implementation.     

Stereospecific synthesis of ditactic polymers

Summary Polymerizations of t-butyl crotonate (E-TBC) and t-butyl isocrotonate (Z-TBC) were carried out in toluene at-78°C using t-BuMgBr as initiator. E-TBC gave polymers, whereas Z-TBC did not. The dimer of E-TBC isolated from the polymerization mixture by means of GPC contained predominatly one of the four possible diastereomers. X-ray crystallographic determination showed that the predominant dimer was the erythro-diisotactic isomer. t-BuLi/Et₃Al polymerized effectively both E-TBC and Z-TBC in toluene. The poly(E-TBC)s prepared with t-BuMgBr and t-BuLi/Et₃Al were insoluble in toluene, THF, and chloroform, but soluble in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP). Stereostructure of the poly(TBC)s was analyzed by the one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra measured in HFIP. The poly(E-TBC) prepared with t-BuMgBr was a 1:1 mixture of the erythro- and threo-diisotactic polymers with high stereoregularity. The poly(E-TBC) and poly(Z-TBC) obtained from the polymerizations with t-BuLi/Et₃Al were rich in disyndiotactic structure. Polymerization of TBCs with t-BuLi in toluene and THF was also studied.

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Stabilität von Hochvakuum-Meßröhren

Summary Hot filament and cold cathode ionization gauges are widely used in industry and research for pressure measurements in high and ultra high vacuum systems. Important applications are e.g. sputter and deposition systems. Since a long time it is accepted without a notice that the error of commonly used ionization gauges is typically 10% to 100%. The reason of this large error is the poor long term stability of the gauge sensitivity. If vacuum measurements must be precise and reproducible, long term stability of the vacuum gauges is the decisive issue. Only a stable gauge ensures correct control of processes. Also replacement of gauges should not produce differences in order to save time and money for new calibration. This paper reports experiments on the long term stability (several months) of widely used hot filament and cold cathode ionization gauges. Causes of timedependent instabilities are discussed. A new type of Bayard-Alpert gauge (STABIL-ION) is presented which offers a substantially improved long term stability compared to older design gauges.     

Preparation and properties of disyndiotactic poly(alkyl crotonate)s

Ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl and n-butyl crotonates were polymerized by group transfer polymerization (GTP) using ketene trialkylsilyl acetals as initiators in the presence of mercury (II) iodide as catalyst and iodotriethylsilane as co-catalyst. Predominantly disyndiotactic polymers with number-average molecular weights ranging from 56,000 to 90,000 were obtained almost quantitatively. Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(alkyl crotonate)s, such as glass transition temperature (T_g), refractive index, transmissivity, Izod impact strength, Young's modulus, hardness, tensile strength, tensile elongation at break, gas permeability coefficient and density were measured. All the polycrotonates have 65–90 °C higher T_g than the corresponding polymethacrylates.