Fuzzy-trace theory and children's false memories

Fuzzy-trace theory's concepts of identity judgment, nonidentity judgment, and similarity judgment provide a unified account of the false-memory phenomena that have been most commonly studied in children: false-recognition effects and misinformation effects. False-recognition effects (elevated false-alarm rates for unpresented distractors that preserve the meanings of presented targets) are due to increased rates of similarity or false identity judgment about distractors or to decreased rates of nonidentity judgment. Misinformation effects (erroneous acceptance of misleading postevent information and erroneous rejection of actual events) are also due to variability in rates of similarity, identity, and nonidentity judgment. Two experimental paradigms are presented, one for false recognition (conjoint recognition) and one for misinformation (conjoint misinformation), that allow investigators to tease apart the contributions of these processes to children's false-memory reports. Each paradigm is implemented in a mathematical model that provides numerical estimates of the processes.     

p-Chlorotetrafluorophenyl esters of N-protected amino acids

p-Chlorotetrafluorophenyl (Tfc) esters of protected amino acids and peptides are more reactive than are the well known pentafluorophenyl (Pfp) esters. Two reagents, p-chlorotetrafluorophenyltrifluoroacetate (Tfc-OTfa) and di-(p-chlorotetrafluorophenyl)carbonate (di-Tfc-carbonate), can be used for their syntheses, thereby avoiding use of the allergic dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. This is especially important for bulk preparations. Many Fmoc- and Boc-amino acid-OTfc esters have been synthesized and characterized. The hexadecameric tandem repeat H-(AlaAlaLysPro)4-OH was synthesized using di-Tfc-carbonate for the preparation of Tfc-esters.     

The indications for operations on the penile veins in venogenic erectile impotence

Unsatisfactory results of surgical management of venous erectile failure are attributed to difficult selection of relevant patients. The operation is to be performed in patients with isolated distal venous outflow. The diagnosis of occult proximal or mixed outflow may be made at dynamic cavernosography with loading test on the device for stimulation of erection. After obtaining the erection and removal of the constriction ring, distal venous outflow is blocked, thus creating the conditions for detection of occult proximal venous outflow. Surgical treatment (ligation of the dorsal vein or its insertion under tunica albuginea) is indicated only for patients free of mixed venous outflow.     

Immunobiological properties of phospholipid antigens of Rickettsia prowazekii incorporated into rickettsial liposomal preparations]

We have reviewed our delivery of highly sophisticated medical therapy, haemodialysis and renal transplantation in a Caribbean setting. The purpose has been to reflect local outcomes in relation to mortality and survival, but comparisons with a vastly larger database have been attempted. Such comparisons are extremely difficult due to methodological differences and the fact that facilities contributing to that database vary considerably with regard to patient age, gender, ethnicity and comorbidity. Nonetheless, the crude data available provide important justification for the existence of regular haemodialysis and its adjunctive therapy of renal transplantation in the Caribbean.     

Endocrine apparatus of the epithelium of the appendicular mucosa (the appendix-- an endocrine gland, functioning in the embryonal period?

Based on the concept on gastroenteropancreatic system, endocrinocytes of which are diffusely scattered throughout the digestive tract epithelium and are found in pancreatic islets, an analysis of endocrine apparatus of epithelium in human appendicular mucosa was performed at different stages of ontogenesis. The response of appendicular endocrinocytes to clinical pathology of both this organ and the entire organism was studied. On the base of the analysis of the appendix function from morphological view, the authors proposed a hypothesis postulating it to be an organ equal to an actively functioning endocrine gland and its unique role on early stages of embryogenesis.     

Influence of reactivity of the colloidal silica on the properties of conjugate phases

The properties of hydrosols (brand Ludox) are studied by dynamic light scattering (photon correlation spectroscopy, PCS) and colorimetric analysis (formation of a colored β-silicomolybdate complex, KMK). Experimental sol samples for silicate modulus M = 50.0 and М = 3.0 M (M = [SiO₂]/[Me₂O], mol/mol) are obtained by introducing an alkali metal hydroxide (Me). According to the PCS data, the hydrodynamic radius of the sol particles (\({C_{Si{O_2}}}\)= 41.0 g/L) is r = 8.0 nm and increases with the dilution of the sol. These particles’ radii r _∞ (at \({C_{Si{O_2}}}\) → 0) for the initial sol are r _∞ = 13.8 nm and r _∞ = 16.8 nm in sols with alkali metal hydroxides (M = 50). The conjugated phase properties (silica particles and aqueous solution) were considered in the light of polycondensation and depolymerization kinetic reactions involving reactive silicate anions (HO)₃SiO^– and Si(OH)₄) on the surface of the particles and in the composition of soluble fractions. The result is the formation of surface layers of a gel-like structure. With the introduction of alkali metal hydroxides, the initial dissolution rate increases in the range from LiOH to KOH. The existence of peaks in the kinetic dependences of the active silica fractions in highly alkaline environments (M = 50 and M = 3.0) characterizes the secondary polycondensation of silicic acid in the aqueous phase, resulting in the formation of the oligo- and polymeric molecules of a linear structure.     

Fast-to-slow conversion following chronic low-frequency activation of medial gastrocnemius muscle in cats. I. Muscle and motor unit properties

This study of cat medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle and motor unit (MU) properties tests the hypothesis that the normal ranges of MU contractile force, endurance, and speed are directly associated with the amount of neuromuscular activity normally experienced by each MU. We synchronously activated all MUs in the MG muscle with the same activity (20 Hz in a 50% duty cycle) and asked whether conversion of whole muscle contractile properties is associated with loss of the normal heterogeneity in MU properties. Chronically implanted cuff electrodes on the nerve to MG muscle were used for 24-h/day stimulation and for monitoring progressive changes in contractile force, endurance, and speed by periodic recording of maximal isometric twitch and tetanic contractions under halothane anesthesia. Chronic low-frequency stimulation slowed muscle contractions and made them weaker, and increased muscle endurance. The most rapid and least variable response to stimulation was a decline in force output of the muscle and constituent MUs. Fatigue resistance increased more slowly, whereas the increase in time to peak force varied most widely between animals and occurred with a longer time course than either force or endurance. Changes in contractile force, endurance, and speed of the whole MG muscle accurately reflected changes in the properties of the constituent MUs both in extent and time course. Normally there is a 100-fold range in tetanic force and a 10-fold range in fatigue indexes and twitch time to peak force. After chronic stimulation, the range in these properties was significantly reduced and, even in MU samples from single animals, the range was shown to correspond with the slow (type S) MUs of the normal MG. In no case was the range reduced to less than the type S range. The same results were obtained when the same chronic stimulation pattern of 20 Hz/50% duty cycle was imposed on paralyzed muscles after hemisection and unilateral deafferentation. The findings that the properties of MUs still varied within the normal range of type S MUs and were still heterogeneous despite a decline in the variance in any one property indicate that the neuromuscular activity can account only in part for the wide range of muscle properties. It is concluded that the normal range of properties within MU types reflects an intrinsic regulation of properties in the multinucleated muscle fibers.