Comparative cytologic study of nephron structure in higher vertebrates

A comparative study of the cytological characteristics of the epithelial lining of the nephron and collecting tubules was performed in 9 species of reptiles, 19 species of birds and 12 species of mammals. Representatives of each class of higher vertebrates were shown to have certain specific features of the epithelial lining of different parts of the nephron. Differentiation of various areas of the proximal part of the nephron proceded in phylogeny with different intensity and the maximum specialization was characteristic of the most proximal portion of this part of the nephron. In the cells of the proximal parts of nephrons of some reptiles there were phenomena of apocrine secretion. Evolution of the distal part of the nephron developed to form a loop and differentiation of the distal convoluted segment. The higher differentiation of the epithelial lining of the nephron distal part in birds and mammals, unlike in reptiles, seems to be associated with a more considerable functional specilization of this part. In the cytochemical characteristics of the epithelium of the uriniferous and collecting tubules of kidneys of higher vertebrate animals there are common regularities in the distribution of RNA, proteins and some enzymes. The polysaccharide content is maximum in the epithelial cells of kidneys of reptiles.     

Traveler's diarrhea

Travellers' diarrhea afflicts up to 50 percent of tourists in certain geographic regions. It is a syndrome caused by a variety of pathogens, the most common of which is enterotoxigenic E. coli. Other responsible pathogens include salmonellae, shigellae, Entamoeba histolytica, Yersinia enterocolitica, Giardia lamblia and virus-like agents, seldom vibrios. Symptoms persist for only a few days and are only serious in 1/5 of the cases.