The effect of cholisorb on liver exocrine function

The effect of cholisorb and its salt (Na and K) forms on the external secretion of the liver was studied. The cholagogic effect of the H-form of cholisorb and its salt forms was demonstrated in dog experiments. The effect of the H-form proved to be stronger. This effect was associated with decreased absorption of bile acids and cholesterol in the intestine and disturbed hepato-intestinal biliary cycle as a result of which adaptation mechanisms directed at restoration of this cycle are apparently switched on.     

Designing drugs for transport into the brain

Research findings regarding general self-concept, academic self-concept, and self-awareness in students with learning disabilities have varied, and results are still inconclusive regarding the consistency between students' and teachers' judgments of academic performance. The current study focuses on students' and teachers perceptions of the students' strategy use and performance in nine different academic and organizational domains. Six hundred sixty-three students and their 57 teachers were involved in the study. Findings indicated that the students with learning disabilities considered themselves appropriately strategic and competent in the five domains of reading, writing, spelling, math, and organization. These students also rated their academic performance and organization as average to above-average in seven of nine domains, with the exception of checking and planning their work. Nevertheless, the self-ratings of the students with learning disabilities were still significantly lower than the self-ratings of average achievers in virtually all domains. The second major set of findings revealed a sharp discrepancy between the self-assessments of the students with learning disabilities and their teachers' judgments. Teachers rated the students with learning disabilities as weak in their strategy use and below-average in their performance in all nine academic and organizational domains. Finally, gender differences were not evident in eight of the nine domains. These results have added to the increasing body of literature indicating that students with learning disabilities frequently perceive themselves as capable and effective and often rate themselves as academically stronger than their teachers judge them to be.     

Disturbances of nuclear condensation in human spermatozoa: search for mutations in the genes for protamine 1, protamine 2 and transition protein 1

During spermiogenesis, the successive replacement of the somatic histones by basic proteins, the transition proteins and protamines, allows normal sperm nuclear condensation. It was suggested that disturbances in nuclear condensation may result in male infertility. Here we report the first molecular analysis of the structure of three genes which code for germ cell-specific nuclear proteins, namely protamine 1 (PRM1), protamine 2 (PRM2) and transition protein 1 (TNP1) in infertile men with disturbed sperm chromatin condensation. In 36 infertile men whose spermatozoa showed a positive reaction with aniline blue, which is an indication for the presence of histones in the nuclei, the complete nucleotide sequences of the coding regions and 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the three genes were evaluated. In addition, 10 infertile patients with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia were studied in the same way, as well as nine infertile patients whose spermatozoa showed a reduction of the protamine 2 content. We did not detect any mutation in the three genes in any of the patients. We assume that the disturbances in the sperm chromatin condensation of our patients, and those described in the literature, are not primarily due to mutations in the genes for PRM1, PRM2 and TNP1.     

The energy spectra of the secondary ion emission for transition metals of the fourth period

The energy spectra of the secondary ion emission (SIE) for transition metals of the fourth period are calculated under the assumption that SIE is caused by the joint action of electron-exchange and kinetic ion emission (KIE) mechanisms. Some improvement of the KIE theory is carried out for the cases of high (of the order of tens of keV) and low (less than 2 keV) energies E_O of bombarding ions. It is found that the KIE plays an essential role in SIE, starting from the E_O value of the order of tens of keV. It is shown that the KIE energy spectra (1) are broader than the sputtering energy spectra by an order of magnitude, (2) differ essentially in both cases indicated, (3) show a peak (at high E_O in accordance with an experiment) or a break (at low E_O) near to the secondary ion energy corresponding to the KIE threshold.