Recycling of L-citrulline to sustain nitric oxide-dependent enteric neurotransmission

Neurons that synthesize nitric oxide from arginine produce stoichiometric amounts of citrulline. We investigated whether nitric oxide-releasing enteric neurons have the capacity to recycle citrulline to arginine and thereby sustain nitrergic neurotransmission. Argininosuccinate synthetase-like immunoreactivity and argininosuccinate lyase-like immunoreactivity, enzymes capable of citrulline to arginine conversion, were both localized in discrete populations of myenteric and submucosal neurons in the canine proximal colon. Argininosuccinate synthetase-like immunoreactivity and argininosuccinate lyase-like immunoreactivity co-localized with neuronal beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase staining, a marker for nitric oxide synthase. The functional significance of argininosuccinate synthetase-like immunoreactivity and argininosuccinate lyase-like immunoreactivity was shown by testing the effects of exogenous citrulline on responses to enteric inhibitory nerve stimulation, which were assessed by measuring contractions, inhibitory junction potentials and electrical slow waves. As shown previously, arginine analogues (L-nitroarginine methyl ester or L-nitroarginine; 100 microM) inhibited nitric oxide-dependent responses, and excess L-arginine restored inhibitory responses. Citrulline alone (0.1-2 mM) had no effect on nitrergic transmission under control conditions, but in the presence of L-nitroarginine methyl ester or L-nitroarginine, citrulline (0.1-2 mM) restored nitrergic transmission in a concentration-dependent manner. Other neutral amino acids (L-serine, L-leucine) did not mimic the effects of citrulline. Taken together, these data suggest that enteric nitrergic neurons have the enzymatic apparatus and functional capability of recycling citrulline to arginine.     

Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency--clinical course and laboratory findings in eight affected animals

To compare multiple and singleton pregnancies in the treatment of threatened preterm delivery with prolonged intravenous ritodrine, 32 women with multiple pregnancy (26 twins, 6 triplets, 70 fetuses, 30.3 +/- 3.5 weeks) and 51 women with singleton pregnancy (31.3 +/- 2.6 weeks) admitted for threatened preterm delivery without rupture of the membranes were the subjects of a retrospective study of obstetric data, perinatal outcome and maternal adverse effects. Significance was assessed by chi 2 test and Student's t test. Multiple pregnancies were associated with a marked increase in the duration of tocolysis (17.2 +/- 17.3 vs. 7.6 +/- 8.1 days, P < 0.01), incidence of delivery before 37 weeks (87.5 vs. 35.3%, P < 0.01) and incidence of maternal cardiovascular complications (34.4 vs. 4.0%, P < 0.01), including three cases of pulmonary edema. The incidences of delivery before 32 weeks (12.5 vs. 7.8%) and of neonatal death (2.9 vs. 0%) were not significantly different in the two groups. Multiple pregnancies dramatically increased the incidence of maternal adverse effects of prolonged intravenous ritodrine therapy. Neonatal benefit is questionable and was difficult to establish since it was not a randomized study.     

Immunogenetics of the A-E alloantigen complex

OBJECTIVE: To examine noradrenergic (NA) function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by replicating and expanding upon a previous finding that ADHD children with and without reading disabilities (RD) differ in plasma levels of the NA metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG). METHOD: Plasma levels of MHPG were compared in ADHD children who were subdivided on the basis of the presence or absence of RD. Subsequently, this replication sample was combined with a previously studied sample to further explore the relationship between plasma MHPG levels and measures of cognitive function in children with ADHD. RESULTS: Plasma levels of MHPG were significantly lower in ADHD children without RD, compared with those with RD, replicating a published finding. Analyses in the combined sample indicated that, among children with ADHD, plasma MHPG levels were inversely associated with measures of academic achievement and verbal processing, but not parent or teacher ratings of behavior or continuous performance test measures of attention and impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that children with ADHD are not homogeneous with regard to NA function and that neurochemical variation is closely associated with differences in clinical characteristics of the children.     

磺酸型介孔材料催化合成甲基葡萄糖苷

以甲醇和葡萄糖为原料,采用一步合成法合成甲基葡萄糖苷。以磺酸型介孔材料作为催化剂,借助扫描电子显微镜、高分辨率透射电子显微镜、低温氮气吸附/脱附、热重分析等方法研究了材料的结构和性能。实验结果表明,催化剂用量为0.6g,醇糖摩尔比为28∶1,反应温度为115℃,反应时间为2 h为最佳反应条件,此条件下合成产物的收率可达95.67%。同时使用Fourier红外光谱仪对产物进行了表征。     

邻苯二甲酸氢钾-硼酸盐电解液中AZ91D镁合金的阳极氧化(英文)

研究 AZ91D 镁合金在邻苯二甲酸氢钾-硼酸盐碱性环保型电解液中的阳极氧化行为。考察邻苯二甲酸氢钾对阳极氧化膜层性能的影响,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X 射线衍射(XRD)、动电位极化和电化学阻抗(EIS)进行分析表征。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸氢钾的浓度对阳极氧化成膜过程,氧化膜的表面形貌、厚度、相结构和耐腐蚀性能都有重要影响。在硼酸盐电解液中加入适量的邻苯二甲酸氢钾以后,制得的阳极氧化膜表面光滑、致密,与镁合金基体的结合力强,具有优异的耐腐蚀性能。     

SBR的纳米级分散对聚丙烯力学性能的影响

利用ISBS方法制备PP/纳米SBR复合材料。通过SEM和力学性能测试,研究了纳米SBR在复合材料中的分散状况,并考察了不同纳米SBR的添加对PP力学性能的影响。结果表明:纳米SBR在基体PP中实现了纳米级分散;且纳米SBR的添加量为7%时,复合材料PP/纳米SBR的力学性能最佳,其中缺口冲击强度提高了80%。     

电石装置供电系统的改进

宁夏西部聚氯乙烯有限公司在电石装置供电系统中安装过电压吸收装置、限流电抗器和接地消弧自动跟踪补偿装置,避免了供电系统过电压、短路电流和电容电流对电气设备的危害,生产1 t电石耗电量由3 579.25 kW·h降到3 553.89 kW·h.     

ABS塑料三价黑铬电镀工艺与故障处理

介绍了ABS塑料电镀三价黑铬的工艺流程,主要包括除油,亲水,粗化,中和,预浸,催化,加速,化学镀镍,活化,镀铜,微蚀,镀光亮镍,镀三价黑铬,钝化和烘干.给出了三价黑铬镀液的配方,阐述了各组分的作用及工艺奈件对镀层的影响,介绍了常见故障的处理方法.     

Icons improve older and younger adults' comprehension of medication information

We examined whether timeline icons improved older and younger adults' comprehension of medication information. In Experiment 1, comprehension of instructions with the icon (icon/text format) and without the icon (text-only format) was assessed by questions about information that was (a) implicit in the text but depicted explicitly by the icon (total dose in a 24 hour period), (b) stated and depicted in the icon/text condition (medication dose and times), and (c) stated but not depicted by the icon (e.g., side effects). In a separate task, participants also recalled medication instructions (with or without the icon) after a study period. We found that questions about dose and time information were answered more quickly and accurately when the icon was present in the instructions. Notably, icon benefits were greater for information that was implicit rather than stated in the text. This finding suggests that icons can improve older and younger adults' comprehension by reducing the need to draw some inferences. The icon also reduced effective study time (study time per item recalled). In Experiment 2, icon benefits did not occur for a less integrated version of the timeline icon that, like the text, required participants to integrate dose and time information in order to identify the total daily dose. The integrated version of the icon again improved comprehension, as in Experiment 1, as well as drawing inferences from memory. These findings show that integrated timeline icons improved comprehension primarily by aiding the integration of dose and time information. These findings are discussed in terms of a situation model approach to comprehension.