On error estimator and p‐adaptivity in the generalized finite element method

This paper addresses the issue of a p‐adaptive version of the generalized finite element method (GFEM). The technique adopted here is the equilibrated element residual method, but presented under the GFEM approach, i.e., by taking into account the typical nodal enrichment scheme of the method. Such scheme consists of multiplying the partition of unity functions by a set of enrichment functions. These functions, in the case of the element residual method are monomials, and can be used to build the polynomial space, one degree higher than the one of the solution, in which the error functions is approximated. Global and local measures are defined and used as error estimator and indicators, respectively. The error indicators, calculated on the element patches that surrounds each node, are used to control a refinement procedure. Numerical examples in plane elasticity are presented, outlining in particular the effectivity index of the error estimator proposed. Finally, the ‐adaptive procedure is described and its good performance is illustrated by the last numerical example. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Algorithms for the analysis of 3D finite strain contact problems

From the constraint imposition aspects in 3D to friction regularization, various ideas are exposed in this paper. A variation of the Rockafellar Lagrangian is proposed which results in continuous second‐order derivatives if Lagrange multiplier estimates are greater or equal than one. This fact allows the adoption of a full second‐order (i.e. Lagrange–Newton) method avoiding sequential unconstrained minimization techniques. An algorithm for global and local contact detection is presented which is developed for dealing with large step sizes typical of implicit methods. A modified constraint definition to deal with non‐smooth situations is presented. Aspects of friction implementation, including a regularization scheme which ensures stepwise objectivity, are detailed. Finally, several illustrative examples are carried out with success. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Piezoelectric paint: Ceramic-polymer composites for vibration sensors

A piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composite has been developed for use as a novel thick film strain sensor for vibration monitoring of structures. The material is in the form of a paint that can be applied to a wide range of substrates using conventional spraying equipment. The sensor properties depend on the morphology of the composite and on the electrodes that are used to couple it to the charge amplifier. Electrodes of various kinds have been tested. Interaction between the electrode and the piezoelectric paint sometimes occurs (for example, the organic vehicle for spray-coated electrodes may interact with the paint binder). The morphologies of the piezoelectric paint and of the electrode materials have been studied using light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the effect of different compositions and of different processing conditions (e.g., paint mixing schedule). Preliminary work is reported on the characteristics of the piezoelectric particles and on the effect of heat treatment applied to anneal out defects produced by milling. X-ray analysis and particle size analysis have been used to characterize the changes that take place on heat treatment. X-ray diffractometry has also been used to follow the effect of poling on the paint sensors. At the present state of development, sensors made using the paint have a dynamic range of at least 40–4000 microstrain and a bandwidth of at least 1 Hz–2 kHz, and piezoelectric coefficient d ₃₁ of approximately 20 pC/N. The sensors are resistant to outdoor exposure and a successful field trial has been conducted.     

Fatigue of bituminous mixtures

This paper presents an interlaboratory test campaign organized by the RILEM 182-PEB Technical Committee. In the campaign, 11 different test methods, comprising uniaxial tension/compression, 2-, 3- and 4-point bending and indirecttension tests, were utilized in order to investigate fatigue characteristics of a dense graded asphalt concrete mixture. The testing conditions specified were sinusoidal excitation at 10Hz and 10°C using controlled strain and stress modes. In total, more than 150 fatigue tests were carried out during the investigation. The fatigue test results were analyzed using both classical as well as continuum damage mechanics approaches. The fatigue test results obtained using the classical fatigue approach are considerably influenced by test type and mode of loading (controlled stress or strain) used. Consequently, this approach has limited use in realistic fatigue characterization of bituminous materials and pavement structures. In contrast to the classical approach, models founded on continuum damage theory may serve to isolate intrinsic fatigue characteristics from the influence of so-called biased effects, which are largely caused by the accelerated laboratory testing. The continuum damage models investigated may constitute steps, towards a rational mechanistic fatigue characterization model, which are important for effective future pavement design.     

Ceramic fibrous monolithic structures

High-strength ceramic fibers and composite structures that contain them are generally expensive. In a lower-cost approach for fabricating fibrous composites, reinforcing fiber-like cells that are distinct from a continuous matrix phase called the cell boundary can be formed in situ from powders. Structures can be constructed by assembly and consolidation of filaments that consist of the cell phase and its surrounding cell boundary.

Fabrication of ceramic fibrous monoliths (FMs) is reviewed and mechanical properties of the most widely studied FMs are discussed. Those based on Si₃N₄ cells within a BN cell boundary have achieved the best overall properties and uniformity of manufacture, but degrade severely at high temperatures in oxidizing environments. Those based on oxides are more stable, but are substantially weaker. Assessment of the future of FMs is offered, including cost reduction, fabrication practice, property improvement, and formation of complex structures.     

Moisture distribution in drying ordinary and high performance concrete cured in a simulated hot dry climate

Adequate moisture is very important during early age of portland cement concrete. The Single Point Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique was used to study the effects of various lengths of moist curing, and the use of curing compound, on the amount and distribution of evaporable water during drying of ordinary and high performance concrete. The specimens subjected to six different curing regimes, were cast in triplicate for a total of 72. After moist curing at 38°C, the specimens were subjected to uniaxial drying in an environmental chamber at 38°C and 40% relative humidity that simulated hot dry climate conditions. As the specimens were drying, Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to study the evaporable water distribution, non-destructively and with millimetric resolution. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging profiles indicated a reduced moisture loss with increasing length of moist curing. Extended moist curing was especially beneficial for the two self-compacting concrete mixtures, particularly for the cover concrete. In all mixtures the use of curing compound was only marginally better than one day moist curing, but was significantly better than air curing, particularly for the cover concrete. The moisture diffusivity was evaluated from the transient moisture distribution profiles using the Boltzmann transformation method. The results indicated a strong dependence of the moisture diffusivity on the moisture content when above 80% saturation, whereas below this value it remains almost constant. The moisture diffusivity is significantly reduced with increased moist curing period.     

Illumination source identification using a CMOS optical microsystem

An integrated silicon color sensor system has been designed and fabricated in CMOS without extra masks for color filtering. The application is in low-cost measurement of ambient light conditions, e.g., for display control in portable instruments, or for testing the intensity and spectral distribution of light sources. Signals proportional to the intensity and the spectral distribution of the incident light are available at the output in the form of two bit-streams. It is demonstrated that daylight can be distinguished from other light sources, such as incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps.     

Fusion of three sensory modalities for the multimodal characterization of red wines

This work represents the first attempt to develop a sensory system, specifically designed for the characterization of wines, which combines three sensory modalities: an array of gas sensors, an array of electrochemical liquid sensors, and an optical system to measure color by means of CIElab coordinates. This new analytical tool, that has been called "electronic panel," includes not only sensors, but also hardware (injection system and electronics) and the software necessary for fusing information from the three modules. Each of the three sensory modalities (volatiles, liquids, and color) has been designed, tested, and optimized separately. The discrimination capabilities of the system have been evaluated on a database consisting of six red Spanish wines prepared using the same variety of grape (tempranillo) but differing in their geographic origins and aging stages. Sensor signals from each module have been combined and analyzed using pattern recognition techniques. The results of this work show that the discrimination capabilities of the system are significantly improved when signals from each module are combined to form a multimodal feature vector.     

Measuring the sensitivity of microwave components to bias variations

This paper presents a method to measure the sensitivity of microwave components to memory effects caused by the dc biasing circuit. This allows us to determine the required (impedance) properties of the dc biasing circuit to reduce slow dynamics under a certain level. The proposed measurement technique is based on the nonlinear vectorial network analyzer, which allows us to measure not only the absolute magnitude but also the absolute phase relations between the waves. Superimposing a multisine excitation signal on the dc bias allows us to measure the slow dynamics caused by the dc biasing circuit as a function of frequency and input power. Furthermore, it is verified whether or not the measured phenomena depend on the type of excitation signal.     

A reconfigurable high-frequency phase-locked loop

Reconfigurable phase-locked loops (PLLs) present the advantage of fast-frequency acquisition combined with narrow-noise bandwidth, since their parameters can be dynamically adjusted. High-frequency PLLs are generally implemented by means of analog circuits which are not easily reconfigured during operation. However, the five-port technique allows the discrimination of the phase difference between two microwave signals using a mixed circuit. In this paper the design of a PLL comprising a five-port based phase detector is presented. This system benefits from the phase-detector digital circuit to carry out the loop filtering. Simulation results for different conditions of noise and frequency acquisition are shown. We also present measurement results to confirm the simulations.