Assessing same/different judgments in individuals with severe intellectual disabilities: a status report

This report summarizes state-of-the-art approaches for assessing visual stimulus same/different judgments in individuals with severe intellectual disabilities. Methods are described that permit one to conduct assessments on a population-wide basis, excluding few if any participants due to failure to acquire necessary baseline performances. Methodological investigations summarized here indicate that one can obtain reliable same/different judgments with a variety of stimuli in virtually anyone for whom a basal score on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test can be obtained. This approach includes judgments involving not only familiar, readily nameable stimuli, but also abstract two-dimensional forms of the type commonly used to minimize extraexperimental influences on performance. Taken together, recent findings lead to the conclusion that past studies have significantly under-estimated the capacity of participants with low MA scores to make same/different judgments. They also suggest a more general methodological approach that can potentially lead to more sensitive assessment of other behavioral capacities in this difficult-to-test population.     

The Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review

OBJECTIVES: To discuss the advantages of different methods of determining the effectiveness of healthcare interventions, to evaluate the basis for the assumption that right heart catheterization is effective, and to consider how right heart catheterization may fail to improve outcomes in some circumstances. DATA SOURCE: Published English language literature on right heart catheterization and patient outcomes. DISCUSSION: We recently reported an association between the use of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients and increased risk of death. This finding is troubling and warrants future study. In this article I address the role of randomized controlled trials and observational studies in the evaluation of the effectiveness of healthcare interventions. I discuss the basis in the published literature for assuming that right heart catheterization improves outcomes. Finally I present a variety of problems with right heart catheterization which might allow this procedure, which logically should help patients, to fail to achieve a beneficial effect for some patients. CONCLUSION: We must do appropriate prospective studies to determine who benefits from right heart catheterization and who does not. We owe our patients nothing less.     

μC/OS-Ⅱ在同步相量测量单元的应用研究

同步相量测量单元(PMU)是广域测量系统(WAMS)中关键设备之一。介绍了基于DSP(TMS320LF2407A)而开发的PMU具有多任务、实时性和高可靠性的特点,设计了PMU的硬件结构和软件结构,并在软件系统中引入实时操作系统μC/OS-Ⅱ。重点详述了μC/OS-Ⅱ在该系统中的移植与应用。     

Protocol for the preparation of a segmental linear polyacrylamide gradient gel: simultaneous determination of Lp[a], LDL, and HDL particle sizes

We describe in this report a protocol for the preparation of a polyacrylamide gel system (S-GGE 2.8/8.30) that consists of two linear gradients designed for the simultaneous determination of the diameters of LDL and HDL from whole plasma. The lower gel consists of an 8-30% linear gradient which is optimum for the resolution of HDL subfractions and the upper gel consists of a 2-8% linear gradient to allow for the resolution of LDL and larger lipoprotein fractions such as Lp[a] and small VLDL. In contrast to other non-denaturing gradient gel systems which are based on protein staining, the present system uses lipid stain to specifically identify lipoproteins. This approach also allows the plasma to be pre-stained with immediate visualization of the lipid bands being possible at the completion of the electrophoretic run. Using commercially available gel casting equipment, the present gradient gel system can accommodate up to 21 lanes per gel. The inter-run and intra-run coefficients of variation for LDL particle size are 0.47 and 0.16%, respectively. The inter- and intra-run CVs for Lp[a] particle size are 0.92% and 0.89%, respectively. The inter-run and intra-run coefficients of variation for HDL2 and HDL3 particle size are 1.36% and 3.23%, respectively.     

Chronic amlodipine treatment during the development of heart failure

BACKGROUND: This study examined the effects of chronic amlodipine treatment on left ventricular (LV) pump function, systemic hemodynamics, neurohormonal status, and regional blood flow distribution in an animal model of congestive heart failure (CHF) both at rest and with treadmill exercise. In an additional series of in vitro studies, LV myocyte contractile function was examined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixteen pigs were studied under normal control conditions and after the development of chronic pacing-induced CHF (240 bpm, 3 weeks, n=8) or chronic pacing and amlodipine (1.5 mg . kg-1 . d-1, n=8). Under ambient resting conditions, LV stroke volume (mL) was reduced with CHF compared with the normal control state (16+/-2 versus 31+/-2, P<0.05) and increased with concomitant amlodipine treatment (29+/-2, P<0.05). At rest, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance (dyne . s-1 . cm-5) increased with CHF compared with the normal control state (3102+/-251 versus 2156+/-66 and 1066+/-140 versus 253+/-24, respectively, both P<0.05) and were reduced with amlodipine treatment (2108+/-199 and 480+/-74, respectively, P<0.05). With CHF, LV stroke volume remained reduced and was associated with a 40% reduction in myocardial blood flow during treadmill exercise, whereas chronic amlodipine treatment normalized LV stroke volume and improved myocardial blood flow. Resting and exercise-induced plasma norepinephrine levels were increased by >5-fold in the CHF group and were reduced by 50% from CHF values with chronic amlodipine treatment. Resting plasma endothelin (fmol/mL) increased with CHF compared with the normal state (10.4+/-0.9 versus 3.1+/-0.3, P<0.05) and was reduced with amlodipine treatment (6.6+/-1.1, P<0.5). With CHF, LV myocyte velocity of shortening ( microm/s) was reduced compared with normal controls (39+/-1 versus 64+/-1, P<0.05) and was increased with chronic amlodipine treatment (52+/-1, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic amlodipine treatment in this model of developing CHF produced favorable hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and contractile effects in the setting of developing CHF.     

Re-evaluation of a programmed method to teach generalized identity matching to sample

Programmed training in identity matching to sample was given to six participants who had severe mental retardation, mental age-equivalent scores of 3.0 years or less, and histories of failures in prior assessments and training attempts with standard procedures. An intermediate goal of the training program was to establish one-trial discrimination learning (OTDL), where new discriminations are acquired after a single training trial, OTDL was included because an analysis of the task requirements for identity matching suggested that it could be a prerequisite skill. One participant was eliminated from the experiment when stimulus control by prompting procedures broke down relatively early in training. Only one of the remaining participants achieved OTDL. When the program was modified to eliminate OTDL as an intermediate goal, for participants completed it and passed tests for generalized identity matching with high accuracy scores. The program was partially successful with the sixth participant in that it established highly accurate and reliable identity matching when different stimuli were displayed on every trial (nonconditional-function matching), but not when the same set of comparison stimuli was displayed on every trial (conditional-function matching). The results showed that (a) one-trial discrimination learning appears to be sufficient but not necessary for identify matching, and (b) the program successfully established identity matching in a majority of difficult-to-teach students who had well-documented failures to learn by standard teaching methods.