Interstitial fluid concentrations of glycerol, glucose, and amino acids in human quadricep muscle and adipose tissue. Evidence for significant lipolysis in skeletal muscle

To determine the relationship between circulating metabolic fuels and their local concentrations in peripheral tissues we measured glycerol, glucose, and amino acids by microdialysis in muscle and adipose interstitium of 10 fasted, nonobese human subjects during (a) baseline, (b) euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (3 mU/kg per min for 3 h) and, (c) local norepinephrine reuptake blockade (NOR). At baseline, interstitial glycerol was strikingly higher (P < 0.0001) in muscle (3710 microM) and adipose tissue (2760 microM) compared with plasma (87 microM), whereas interstitial glucose (muscle 3.3, fat 3.6 mM) was lower (P < 0.01) than plasma levels (4.8 mM). Taurine, glutamine, and alanine levels were higher in muscle than in adipose or plasma (P < 0.05). Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia did not affect interstitial glucose, but induced a fall in plasma glycerol and amino acids paralleled by similar changes in the interstitium of both tissues. Local NOR provoked a fivefold increase in glycerol (P < 0.001) and twofold increase in norepinephrine (P < 0.01) in both muscle and adipose tissues. To conclude, interstitial substrate levels in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue differ substantially from those in the circulation and this disparity is most pronounced for glycerol which is raised in muscle as well as adipose tissue. In muscle, insulin suppressed and NOR increased interstitial glycerol concentrations. Our data suggest unexpectedly high rates of intramuscular lipolysis in humans that may play an important role in fuel metabolism.     

Phototherapy for patients with Alzheimer disease with disturbed sleep patterns: results of a community-based pilot study

Twenty of 67 children registered on the International Registry of Childhood Adrenocortical Tumors between May 1988 and December 1994 had small adrenocortical tumors (defined for this study as measuring < or = 200 cm3 and/or weighing < or = 100 g). We reviewed the records of these 20 patients to characterize the clinical and pathologic findings and outcomes of children with small adrenocortical tumors. Median patient age was 2 years (range, 4 months to 5 years). There was only one boy. All had clinical signs of virilization, and seven had signs or symptoms of Cushing syndrome. A median 5.5 months (range, 1-40 months) had elapsed between the first signs of endocrine dysfunction and diagnosis. All tumors were surgically resected. Tumor volume was 3.3-195 cm3 (median, -8.7 cm3), and weight was 3.7-100 g (median, 36 gm Tumor samples were histologically reviewed in 18 cases. Eight were adenomas, and 10 were carcinomas (6 low grade and 4 high grade). Pathology records described tumor with diagnostic features of adrenocortical carcinoma in two patients. One patient received mitotane for 8 months after surgery. Only one patient had recurrent disease, which was detected 6 months after diagnosis and proved rapidly fatal. Another has been lost to follow-up. The remaining 18 patients are alive with no evidence of disease at a median 2.3 years (range, 6 months to 6.1 years) after diagnosis. Our data suggest that children with small adrenocortical tumors have an excellent prognosis with surgery as the sole therapy, regardless of tumor histiotype.     

Decreased epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia during sleep

BACKGROUND: In patients with type I diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia occurs commonly during sleep and is frequently asymptomatic. This raises the question of whether sleep is associated with reduced counterregulatory-hormone responses to hypoglycemia. METHODS: We studied the counterregulatory-hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in eight adolescent patients with type I diabetes and six age-matched normal subjects when they were awake during the day, asleep at night, and awake at night. In each study, the plasma glucose concentration was stabilized for 60 minutes at approximately 100 mg per deciliter (5.6 mmol per liter) and then reduced to 50 mg per deciliter (2.8 mmol per liter) and maintained at that concentration for 40 minutes. Plasma free insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone were measured frequently during each study. Sleep was monitored by polysomnography. RESULTS: The plasma glucose and free insulin concentrations were similar in both groups during all studies. During the studies when the subjects were asleep, no one was awakened during the hypoglycemic phase, but during the final 30 minutes of the studies when the subjects were awake both the patients with diabetes and the normal subjects had symptoms of hypoglycemia. In the patients with diabetes, plasma epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia were blunted when they were asleep (mean [+/-SE] peak plasma epinephrine concentration, 70+/-14 pg per milliliter [382+/-76 pmol per liter]; P=0.3 for the comparison with base line), as compared with when they were awake during the day or night (238+/-39 pg per milliliter [1299+/-213 pmol per liter] P=0.004 for the comparison with base line, and 296+/-60 pg per milliliter [1616+/-327 pmol per liter], P=0.004, respectively). The patients' plasma norepinephrine responses were also reduced during sleep, whereas their plasma cortisol concentrations did not increase and their plasma growth hormone concentrations increased slightly. The patterns of counterregulatory-hormone responses in the normal subjects were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep impairs counterregulatory-hormone responses to hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes and normal subjects.     

Musical hallucinations induced by propranolol

The study aimed to evaluate the perception of discrimination in the Czech national HIV policy among gay men. The anonymous questionnaires were published in the gay journal and 191 respondents filled them and returned back. Their assessment of discrimination in the HIV policy and other life activities were ranked in 5-points scale. Assumed discrimination in the HIV policy was found to be one of the lowest one. Forty-one percent of men who answered did not find any discrimination in the HIV policy at all, eleven percent of them perceived it at the highest level. The personal perception of HIV discrimination was related to the fear of discrimination in the health facilities and to the general evaluation of political change for gay life. HIV policy is generally viewed as tolerant and without discriminative approach toward vulnerable minorities. The number of negative evaluations can play important role in the obstacles of preventive programs.     

Cardiovascular risk during ECT: managing the managers

Although atrophie blanche is classified as a vasculitis, its presentation and management differ from the classical vasculitis. We present a patient with idiopathic atrophie blanche and discuss its management.     

Synchronous direct gradient layer and indirect room calorimetry

A dual direct/indirect room-sized calorimeter is used at the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center to measure heat emission and energy expenditure in humans. Because the response times of a gradient layer direct calorimeter and an indirect calorimeter are not equivalent, the respective rate of heat emission and energy expenditure cannot be directly compared. A system of equations has been developed and tested that can correct the respective outputs of the direct gradient layer calorimeter and indirect calorimeter for delays due to the response times of the measurement systems. Performance tests using alcohol combustion to simulate a human subject indicate accurate measurements of heat production from indirect (99.9 +/- 0.4%), indirect corrected for response time (99.9 +/- 0.5%), direct (99.9 +/- 0.8%), and direct corrected for response time (99.9 +/- 0.8%) calorimetry systems. Results from 24-h measurements in 10 subjects indicate that corrected heat emission is equivalent to (99.8 +/- 2.0%) corrected energy expenditure. However, heat emission measured during sleep was significantly greater (14%) than energy expenditure, suggesting a change in the energy stored as heat in the body. This difference was reversed during the day. These results illustrate how the simultaneous measurement of heat emission and energy expenditure provides insights into heat regulation.     

Energy deposition pattern from tritium and different energy photons--a comparative study

In adult rodents, proliferating cells in the subventricular zone of lateral ventricle tangentially migrate into the olfactory bulb, where they become the interneurons. The present immunocytochemical analysis revealed that S100A6 (calcyclin), a specific calcium-binding protein of the S100 family, is restrictedly distributed in some astrocytes in the tangential migration pathway of the rat. These results suggest that a particular type of astrocytes containing S100A6 is associated with the tangential migration pathway.     

Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of aspirin and ethanol

Unilateral hyphema, hematuria, and ecchymoses developed in a previously healthy 42-year-old women after the ingestion of aspirin and ethanol. There was no evidence for ocular trauma, disease, or vascular malformation by slit-lamp examination and gonioscopy. Platelet count and coagulation tests were normal. The patient's bleeding time was prolonged and there was impaired platelet aggregation. Delayed (secondary) aggregation in response to collagen, adenosine diphosphate, and epinephrine was decreased, as was aggregation induced by thrombin and serotonin. These data indicate that the qualitative platelet defect was induced by both aspirin and ethanol. Anterior chamber hemorrhage subsided after discontinuation of aspirin and ethanol, and the hyphema subsequently resolved. Bleeding time and platelet aggregation were normal two weeks after the patient's initial presentation. A prolonged bleeding time in association with normal platelet count, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time indicated a qualitative platelet defect, which is most commonly drug-induced. Defective platelet function resulted in spontaneous hyphema.