Hypertension and long-term cancer incidence and mortality among Swedish men

OBJECTIVE: To examine incidence of cancer and cancer mortality in relation to high blood pressure. DESIGN: A longitudinal study of middle-aged men from a random population sample. SETTING: G?teborg, Sweden. SUBJECTS: We studied 7396 men aged 47-55 years without diagnosed cancer at baseline (1970-1973). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of cancer and mortality from cancer. RESULTS: By the end of December 1992, 1401 men had been diagnosed with cancer at any site and 651 had died from cancer. Of the men in the highest fifth of the systolic blood pressure distribution (above 166 mmHg) 126 per 10000 observation years were diagnosed with cancer at any site, compared with 91 per 10000 in the lowest fifth [below 130 mmHg; relative risk after adjustment for age, smoking, body mass index, treatment for hypertension and leisure time physical activity 1.41 (95% confidence interval 1.19-1.68); P for trend 0.0001]. Of men in the highest fifth, 55 per 10000 observation years died from cancer, compared with 42 in the lowest [adjusted relative risk 1.41 (1.09-1.82); P for trend 0.01]. Several types of tumour tended to be more common among men with hypertension, but only genito-urinary cancers [age-adjusted relative risk 1.39 (1.04-1.85)] and non-melanoma skin cancer [age-adjusted relative risk 1.98 (1.12-3.51)] were significantly so. Findings were similar for diastolic blood pressure and if data for the first 5 years of follow-up were excluded. There was an increase in risk of cancer also during the first 5 years [adjusted relative risk 1.80 (1.10-2.92) for systolic blood pressure and 1.77 (1.05-2.99) for diastolic blood pressure]. CONCLUSIONS: We found an excess risk of cancer and of death from cancer for men with high blood pressure. Although the increase in risk was comparatively modest, the findings are of public health importance, insofar as both hypertension and cancer are common conditions.     

Electron beam poling of thin fluoropolymer layers

Electron beam poling by use of a scanning electron microscope was developed and applied to thin polymer layers. The electron beam charging process was studied by measurement of the surface potential, dependent on the acceleration voltage. The induced orientation of CF₂ dipole groups of the ferroelectric copolymer vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene was detected by means of IR spectroscopy as well as by nonlinear optical methods. Using electron beam microlithography, microscopic polarization structures have been written into thin fluoropolymer layers by means of a direct, computer-controlled writing process; they were read out through potential contrast images as well as by means of SHG (second harmonic generation)     

Si基多孔SiO2薄膜的驻极体性能

通过控制制备工艺条件和充电参数,利用相应条件下样品的等温表面电位衰减,开路热刺激放电电流谱等。考察了利用溶胶－凝胶（sol-gel)方法制备的Si基多孔SiO2薄膜的驻极体性能,分析了各种工艺参数与蓦主极体性质之间的联系,同时利用Gauss拟合及初始上升法对薄膜驻极体的电荷阱深度进行了估算,实验结果表明,反应物中水的含量对薄膜驻极体的陷阱分布具有调节作用,估算出负电晕充电SiO2薄膜驻极体电荷的活化能为0．3 eV和1．0eV;环境湿度对电荷储存稳定性有一定的影响,降低栅压可以提高SiO2薄膜驻极体的电荷储存稳定性。     

Si基多孔 SiO2薄膜驻极体电荷储存稳定性

通过控制溶胶－凝胶（sol-gel)工艺条件,利用相应条件下样品的红外光谱,等温表面电位衰减,开路热刺激放电电流谱等,考虑了Si基多孔SiO2薄膜驻极体体内沉积的空间电荷的储存稳定性,分析了各种工艺参数与薄膜驻极体性质之间的联系。实验结果表明,反应物中水含量对簿膜驻极体的电荷储存稳定性及陷阱分布有一定的影响;烧结温度和时间对电荷的储存稳定性的影响较大。     

Efficiency enhancement of InP‐based inverted QD‐LEDs by incorporation of a polyethylenimine modified Al:ZnO layer

We report efficiency enhancement of indium phosphide (InP) quantum dot‐based light‐emitting diodes (QD‐LEDs) by using an polyethylenimine (PEI) surface modifier. By adapting a solution processed PEI layer on top of a aluminum doped zinc oxide (Al:ZnO) nanoparticle (NP) film, the leakage current of the inverted device was substantially suppressed. In addition, the electron injection into the conduction band edge (CBE) of InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs was also facilitated by the low work function (WF) of the Al:ZnO film which was realized by the strong interfacial dipoles of the thin film of PEI. As a result, the charge balance in the inverted devices was controlled by the change of surface roughness, the WF and the thickness of neighboring layers via spin‐coating the PEI dissolved in alcohol mixture on the Al:ZnO layer such that the current efficiency was dramatically increased from 0.07 cd/A to 3.17 cd/A. The performance of our device is not comparable to Cd‐based devices; however, it shows the great potential for using an interfacial dipole layer to develop highly efficient InP‐based inverted QD‐LEDs.     

Asymptotic stability of a catalyst particle

The catalyst asymptotic stability problem is studied by means of several new methods that allow accurate solutions to be calculated where other methods have given qualitatively erroneous results.The underlying eigenvalue problem is considered in three limiting situations Le = ∞, 1 and 0. These are solved first to give expansion functions for the full eigenproblem at an arbitrary value of Le. A modified Galerkin method based on the two sets of eigenfunctions for the Le = 1 problem even in the lowest order approximation able to solve the full problem for all Le. Perturbation methods developed from the solutions at the limiting Le-values may if properly handled be extremely useful, e.g. for calculating the stability limit.Finally approximate values of the higher eigenvalues are found by simple formulas based on the steady state solution.Thus the whole eigenvalue spectrum can be studied in detail and certain properties of the spectrum that should appear also with other rate expressions are described.     

A RATIONAL APPROXIMATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS FACTOR

A fast, approximate method of calculating the effectiveness factor for arbitrary rate expressions is presented. The method does not require any iterative or interpolative calculations. It utilizes the well known asymptotic behavior for small and large Thiele moduli to derive a rational function which gives an approximation valid for all Thiele moduli. The approximation converges to the proper asymptotic values for small and large Thiele moduli and gives only small errors for intermediate values of φ. The method fails in the range in which either steep slopes or multiplicity exist in the η(φ) graph.     

High-temperature phase relations in the ternary Ga-Mn-Ni system

Isothermal sections of the ternary Ga-Mn-Ni phase diagram at 800 and 1000 °C have been investigated for alloys with a manganese content below 70 at.% for 800 °C and a content below 65 at.% at 1000 °C. The high-temperature phase relations among the solid phases have been analyzed with diffusion couples and by energy dispersion x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) on quenched two-phase alloys. For these temperatures, the solidus line was determined from quenched alloys from the solid and liquid two-phase region by EDX analysis and the liquidus line by an overall evaluation of the phases found in the quenched alloys. By powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, the results for the equilibria among the solid phases were confirmed and the lattice parameters for the martensite formed from the β phase have been determined over a wide range of compositions.