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81.
The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN) is going to use a very large electro-static tandem spectrometer to measure the electron spectrum from the tritium beta decay, where several kilometers of non-evaporable getter (NEG) strips (type ST707) are to be used to achieve the UHV requirements. Different geometrical configurations of the NEG strips have been studied by Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown that the resulting pumping speed of the getter pumps will allow to get a pressure below 10−11 mbar in the huge vessel with a volume of 1400 m3. By systematic assessment of the statistics of the pumping surfaces, it could be demonstrated that the design is sound. 相似文献
82.
83.
Parity space approach and H2 approach are two important fault detection approaches. This paper studies the relationship between these two approaches, which reveals frequency domain characteristics of the optimal solution of the parity space approach on the one side and provides a numerical solution of the H2-optimal design of residual generators on the other side. 相似文献
84.
Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative disinfection technology to chlorination in recent years. In this study, we investigated the photoreactivation of Escherichia coli following medium-pressure (MP) UV disinfection of synthetic water by a bench-scale collimated beam apparatus. The UV doses ranged from 1.6 -19.7 mWs/cm2 and photoreactivation was investigated for 6 hours under fluorescent light. In addition, chloramination was applied after UV disinfection to investigate its ability to control photoreactivation. It was found that photoreactivation occurred for all UV doses tested and the increase in bacteria numbers ranged from 0.04 to 1.35 log10. However, the degree of photoreactivation decreased with increased UV doses. Chloramination experiments revealed that the addition of 0.5 mg/l of monochloramine resulted in suppression of photoreactivation for 1 hour only. An increased monochloramine dose of 1 mg/l was found to prevent photoreactivation for the entire duration of the experiment. The results of this study have shown that photoreactivation occurs even after MP UV disinfection, although it is of a lesser extent at higher UV doses. This study has also established that secondary chloramination can effectively suppress and eliminate photoreactivation with a chloramine dose of 1 mg/l. 相似文献
85.
T. H. Chang K. F. Pao S. H. Chen K. R. Chu 《Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves》2003,24(9):1415-1420
Self-consistent effects on the starting current of gyrotron oscillators are examined. Field profiles in the open cavity are shown to be sensitive to the interaction dynamics. This can either significantly raise or lower the oscillation threshold, particularly for the low-Q modes. The transition from resonant-mode oscillations at the low magnetic field to backward-wave oscillations at the high magnetic field is demonstrated. 相似文献
86.
Elastic solutions of a cylindrical rod containing periodically distributed inclusions with axisymmetric eigenstrains 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary. In this paper, we give the elastic solution for a special type of microstructure – a circular cylindrical rod containing periodically distributed inclusions along its axial direction. Each inclusion has the same uniform axisymmetric transformation strain (eigenstrain). Analytical elastic solutions are obtained for the displacements, stresses and elastic strain energy of the rod. The effects of microstructure and its evolution (growth of inclusions) on the elastic stress and strain fields as well as the strain energy of the rod are quantitatively demonstrated. As a result of such microstructure evolution nominal stress-strain relation with strain softening is derived for a rod under uniaxial tension. 相似文献
87.
Lianshan Yan Yeh C. Yang G. Lin L. Chen Z. Shi Y.Q. Willner A.E. Yao X.S. 《Lightwave Technology, Journal of》2003,21(7):1676-1684
We demonstrate the first programmable group-delay module based on polarization switching. With a unique binary tuning mechanism, the device can generate any differential group delay value from -45 to +45 ps with a resolution of 1.40 ps, or any true-time-delay value from 0 to 45 ps with a resolution of 0.7 ps. The delay varying speeds for both applications are under 1 ms and can be as fast as 0.1 ms. We evaluate both the dynamic and static performances of the device while paying special attention to its dynamic figures of merit for polarization-mode dispersion emulation and compensation applications. Our experiment shows that the device exhibits a negligible transient-effect induced power penalty (<0.2 dB) in a 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero system. 相似文献
88.
W. Chen S. -H. Wang R. Chu F. King T. R. Jack R. R. Fessler 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2003,34(11):2601-2608
A study was carried out to understand the effect of precyclic loading on stress-corrosion-crack initiation in an X-65 pipeline
steel exposed to a near-neutral-pH soil environment. The test specimens were precyclically loaded before corrosion exposure
to represent a service history of up to about 20 years, depending on the severity of pressure fluctuation. Microcracks had
initiated on the polished surface of the X-65 pipeline steel after long-time exposure at open-circuit potential (OCP) in a
near-neutral-pH synthetic soil solution. These microcracks were mostly initiated from pits at metallurgical discontinuities
such as grain boundaries, pearlitic colonies, and banded phases in the steel. Strong preferential dissolution was observed
along planes of the banded structures in the steel. The selective corrosion attack at these metallurgical discontinuities
is attributed to the galvanic nature of those areas to their neighbors. Cyclic loading prior to corrosion exposure had significant
effects on microcrack initiation and propagation during subsequent corrosion exposure. Cyclic loading prior to corrosion exposure
either reduced or increased the probability of crack initiation and the rate of crack propagation, depending upon the magnitude
of the stress cycles. The largest reduction was seen at a peak cyclic stress of about 0.8 of the yield strength. This cyclic-loading-dependent
cracking behavior might be related to the alteration of the substructures and the residual stress in the steel as a result
of precyclic loading. 相似文献
89.
This paper is concerned with a traction-based Completed Adjoint Double Layer Boundary Element Method to solve for the surface traction of a system of rigid particles embedded in an elastic matrix. The main feature of the method is a single layer representation of the displacement field, which leads to a system of second-kind integral equations for the traction field, the extreme eigenvalue of which could be deflated, allowing iterative solution strategies to be effectively applied. The method is therefore most suitable for large-scale simulations of particulate solids. The method is benchmarked against some known analytic solutions, including the difficult stress singularity problems at sharp edges. The effectiveness of the method in dealing with a large number of inclusions is also demonstrated with an elongational deformation problem involving up to 25 inclusions.Research supported by the Australian Research Council (to NP-T and X-JF) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (X-JF). 相似文献
90.
Uniformity of bulk density distribution during the die filling process is required to minimize quality problems, such as distortion and cracking, for powder compacts. Understanding the die filling process is necessary in ensuring a uniform powder deposition. The second-generation pressure deposition tester (PDT-II) was used to investigate the deposition process and final pressure distribution of powder filling in toroidal, cylindrical, and E-shaped dies. All tests were conducted using a spray-dried free-flowing granular powder. The results indicated that for toroidal dies: (1) the area around 0° orientation (the leeward end) had the highest pressure values (1186.7 to 2498.0 Pa), with the average pressure values of the remaining area 353.7-648.0 Pa; (2) the pressure distribution was symmetrical about the centerline parallel to the feed shoe movement direction; (3) the highest feed shoe speed (500 mm/s) led to the most nonuniform pressure distribution among the three speeds; (4) higher feed shoe speed did not always result in higher final pressure values; and (5) the right die tended to have higher final pressure values (215.0 to 2498.0 Pa) than the center die (95.4 to 2052.5 Pa). For E-shaped dies: (1) the final pressure values of the middle leg (308.9 to 760.7 Pa) were higher than those of the left and the right legs (148.9 to 530.3 Pa); (2) the area along the backside had the highest final pressure value (1054.6 to 1303.8 Pa); (3) the pressure distribution was symmetrical about the centerline parallel to the feed shoe movement direction; and (4) neither the center die nor the right die always had higher pressure values than the other one at all locations. Comparison between cylindrical and toroidal dies indicated that: (1) neither of the two die shapes (cylinder and toroid) led to consistently higher or lower final pressure values at all locations and (2) for all three feed shoe speeds, the toroidal die had higher average final pressure values in the 0° orientation. 相似文献