Interaction of multichip module substrates with high-densityconnectors

The stresses and strains in substrate-connector systems in multichip modules (MCMs) are discussed. Simultaneous stresses were applied as structural loads in combined stress models. Modeling results show that definite relations exist between connector pitch, length, substrate thickness and material, and stresses in a connector body     

Stress analysis of elastomeric materials at large extensions using the finite element method

The finite element method is applied to stress and strain analyses around rigid spherical particles in elastomers at large extensions. The stress and strain distribution computed agree well with the classical theoretical ones at small strain. At large extension, however, the maximum stress concentration factor increases greatly and the maximum strain concentration factor decreases slightly as strain increases. These tendencies are increased more in carbon black-filled elastomers than in unfilled ones, which can be understood reasonably by considering both the geometric and material non-linearity. Reinforcement of elastomers with rigid spherical particles was also analysed through a numerical computation. The computed results agree with the Guth and Mooney equations at low volume fraction of fillers. In carbon black-filled elastomers, on the other hand, where the modulus is much higher than that given by the above equations, the computations give a good agreement with the experiments, considering the 20% increase in effective diameter of the filler.     

Generation of monoclonal antibodies to the rabbit interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) and its distribution in HTLV-1-transformed rabbit T cells

Rabbits can be infected with human retroviruses such as human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and provide useful animal models to study retroviral diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia and HIV. Previously we have succeeded in generating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against rabbit CD4, CD5 and CD11a antigens. To make this animal species more amenable to cellular and molecular studies, we have attempted to extend the panel of mAbs against rabbit CD antigens. Here we report on the generation of three neutralizing mAbs against interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (IL-2R alpha) (CD25), Kei-alpha 1 (IgG2b), Kei-alpha 2 (IgG2a) and Kei-alpha 3 (IgG1). They specifically recognize the rabbit Mr 55,000 IL-2 binding protein, IL-2R alpha, and completely inhibit both high- and low-affinity IL-2 binding to F648b cells that express IL-2R alpha as well as IL-2R beta. The use of mAb Kei-alpha 1 confirmed that the rabbit IL-2R alpha is not only a low-affinity IL-2R on its own but also an essential component of high-affinity IL-2R as found in other animal species, and that rabbit activated T cells including HTLV-1-transformed cell lines express high levels of the IL-2R alpha. Together with mAbs against various rabbit CD antigens that we reported previously, these neutralizing mAbs to IL-2R alpha will be valuable for studies of human retrovirus infections, such as those induced by HTLV-1 or HIV, in rabbits.     

Psychiatric morbidity among adults in The Netherlands: the NEMESIS-Study. I. Objectives, design and methods. Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence, incidence and course of psychiatric disorders in non-institutionalised Dutch adults. DESIGN: Prospective and cross-sectional. SETTING: Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. METHOD: A multistage, stratified random sampling procedure was used to obtain a sample of 7076 adults (18-64 years). Respondents were interviewed throughout 1996 in their homes. The main diagnostic instrument was the 'Composite international diagnostic interview' (CIDI), designed to assess lifetime prevalence of mental disorders according to Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd revised edition (DSM-III-R). The diagnostic categories were: affective disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses, and substance use disorders (dependence and abuse). The sample was weighted towards national census data on sex, age, marital status and urbanicity. RESULTS: The results of the first measurement (1996) will be described in the next article (1997:2353-60). The response rate was 64.2%. There were no indications that the psychiatric morbidity of non-respondents differed from respondents. The same respondents will be interviewed again after 12 (1997) and after 36 months (1999).     

Interfering with the inhibitory mechanism of serpins: crystal structure of a complex formed between cleaved plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and a reactive-centre loop peptide

BACKGROUND: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is an important endogenous regulator of the fibrinolytic system. Reduction of PAI-1 activity has been shown to enhance dissolution of blood clots. Like other serpins, PAI-1 binds covalently to a target serine protease, thereby irreversibly inactivating the enzyme. During this process the exposed reactive-centre loop of PAI-1 is believed to undergo a conformational change becoming inserted into beta sheet A of the serpin. Incubation with peptides from the reactive-centre loop transform serpins into a substrate for their target protease. It has been hypothesised that these peptides bind to beta sheet A, thereby hindering the conformational rearrangement leading to loop insertion and formation of the stable serpin-protease complex. RESULTS: We report here the 1.95 A X-ray crystal structure of a complex of a glycosylated mutant of PAI-1, PAI-1-ala335Glu, with two molecules of the inhibitory reactive-centre loop peptide N-Ac-TVASS-NH2. Both bound peptide molecules are located between beta strands 3A and 5A of the serpin. The binding kinetics of the peptide inhibitor to immobilised PAI-1-Ala335Glu, as monitored by surface plasmon resonance, is consistent with there being two different binding sites. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first reported crystal structure of a complex formed between a serpin and a serpin inhibitor. The localisation of the inhibitory peptide in the complex strongly supports the theory that molecules binding in the space between beta strands 3A and 5A of a serpin are able to prevent insertion of the reactive-centre loop into beta sheet A, thereby abolishing the ability of the serpin to irreversibly inactivate its target enzyme. The characterisation of the two binding sites for the peptide inhibitor provides a solid foundation for computer-aided design of novel, low molecular weight PAI-1 inhibitors.     

Antiproliferative constituents in umbelliferae plants. IV. Constituents in the fruits of Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm

The constituents in the fruit of Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm. were investigated, and four lignans [deoxypodophyllotoxin, morelensin, (-)-deoxypodorhizone, and (-)-hinokinin], one phenylpropanoid [1-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-1 xi-hydroxy-2-propene], two phenylpropanoid esters [3',4'-dimethoxycinnamyl (Z)-2-angeloyloxymethyl-2-butenoate and 3',4'-dimethoxycinnamyl (Z)-2-tigloyloxymethyl-2-butenoate], and one polyacetylenic compound (falcarindiol) were isolated. Their antiproliferative activity against MK-1, HeLa and B16F10 cell lines is reported.     

Effect of sulfasalazine on B cell hyperactivity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of sulfasalazine on B cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Reversed hemolytic plaque assay and 3H-thymidine incorporation were measured. RESULTS: B cells from patients with RA showed hyperactivity to stimulation by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I. Sulfasalazine significantly inhibited this B cell hyperactivity in a dose dependent manner. The kinetic study and a decrease in 3H-thymidine incorporation on Day 3 indicate that sulfasalazine inhibited the early phase (0-48 h) of B cell proliferation in these patients. Sulfapyridine also inhibited B cell hyperactivity in these patients, but 5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetylsulfapyridin had no significant effect. CONCLUSION: Sulfasalazine exhibited a direct immunosuppressive effect on B cell hyperactivity in patients with RA, which may be responsible for its therapeutic effectiveness in this disorder.     

Psychosocial factors among members of religious and secular kibbutzim

Mortality in 11 secular kibbutzim between 1970 and 1985 was nearly twice that of 11 matched religious kibbutzim. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 1991 in 10 of these settlements, 5 religious and 5 secular, to determine whether differences in risk factors could explain the unequal survival. These comprised physical, physiologic and biochemical measurements, health-relevant behaviors and psychosocial variables. This report addresses the psychosocial aspect of the study, which included assessment of sense of coherence, hostility, satisfaction with self, work-related stress, social supports and social contacts using self-administered questionnaires. The response rate among the sample of men and women, aged 35-64 years, was 76% (437 respondents, 208 men and 229 women). Analysis of variance and logistic regression (the latter comparing the upper or lower fourths of the distribution vs. the rest) were used. Religious kibbutz members reported a higher sense of coherence (odds ratio = 1.58, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.46) and a lower level of hostility (odds ratio = 0.49, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.75) than their secular counterparts. Findings for satisfaction with self and work-related stress were inconsistent; there were significant interactions between religious affiliation, sex and age. Younger women reported less satisfaction with self and higher work-related stress than the other age-sex groups in both types of kibbutz. There was no difference in social support or frequency of social contact between religious and secular kibbutzim. Voluntary work was more frequent among the religious kibbutzim. The findings are consistent with an interpretation that Jewish religious observance may enhance the formation of certain protective personality characteristics. Membership in a cohesive religious kibbutz community may increase host resistance to stressors and thereby promote overall well-being and a positive health status. This could reflect an interplay of individual and collective attributes of religion.