Slot antennas on photonic band gap crystals

The radiation patterns of a slot antenna placed on a photonic band gap crystal have been measured. We used a layer-by-layer photonic band gap crystal having a three-dimensional stop band between 12 and 15 GHz. The slot antenna radiation depends sensitively on the relative position and orientation of the slot in the surface unit cell of the photonic crystal. We have found configurations of the slot antenna with an increase of radiated power by 2-3 dB. The photonic band gap crystal can considerably improve the performance of a simple slot antenna     

Analysis of availability improvement in LMSS by means of satellitediversity based on three-state propagation channel model

Aiming at future multimedia land mobile-satellite services (LMSS) consisting of a large number of nongeostationary Earth-orbit satellites, we present an LMSS propagation channel model for assessing the effect of a satellite diversity scheme so that high service availability and high signal quality are assured. We classify general fading environments for LMSS into three states. By taking the occurrence probability of each state into account, a new fading channel model is developed. The validity of the model is identified by comparing its predicted values in terms of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) with measured data available so far. Then, based on this model, we calculate the satellite diversity effect assuming that the area is illuminated simultaneously by at least two satellites moving in low Earth orbits (LEO) over urban and suburban environments. In addition, state transition characteristics based on a Markov model are presented     

Redundancy optimization of static series-parallel reliabilitymodels under uncertainty

This paper extends the classical model of Ushakov on redundancy optimization of series-parallel static coherent reliability systems with uncertainty in system parameters. Their objective function represents the total capacity of a series-parallel static system, while the decision parameters are the nominal capacity and the availability of the elements. They obtain explicit expressions (both analytic and via efficient simulation) for the constraint of the program, viz, for the Cdf of the system total capacity and then show that the extended program is convex mixed-integer. Depending on whether the objective function and the associated constraints are analytically available or not, they suggest using deterministic and stochastic (simulation) optimization approaches, respectively. The last case is associated with likelihood ratios (change of probability measure). A genetic algorithm for finding the optimal redundancy is developed and supporting numerical results are presented     

Drainage and imbibition relative permeabilities at near miscible conditions

The changes in gas and oil relative permeabilities as miscibility is approached are of particular importance in multi-contact miscible displacements. These changes are a function of the detailed phase behaviour of the fluids and their physical properties as well as the properties of the porous medium itself.In this work, we investigate the behaviour of two-phase drainage and imbibition relative permeability curves of four, different, equilibrated fluid pairs from a three component, two-phase system (cyclohexene, isopropyl alcohol and water) that exhibits a critical point at ambient conditions. The tie-lines of these fluid pairs are at varying distances from the system's critical point. Equilibrium phase compositions and interfacial tensions (IFT) were determined for each of the four fluid pairs. Dynamic displacements were then performed in a linear two dimensional, bead-pack. Unsteady state, drainage and imbibition relative permeabilities were determined for the various pre-equilibrated mixtures. The experimental results show a clear change in relative permeability as the fluid pairs approach the critical point. As the interfacial tension decreases the non-wetting phase relative permeability increases more rapidly than the wetting phase relative permeability and hysteresis becomes less important.Two correlations [Coats, K.H., 1980. An equation of state compositional model: SPE J, 20 (5): 363-376.; Whitson, C.H., and Fevang, Ø., 1997. Generalized pseudo pressure well treatment in reservoir simulation. In Proc., IBC Conference on Optimization of Gas Condensate Fields.], commonly used to model the changes in relative permeability with interfacial tension, and the development of miscibility, were compared with the experimental data. The Coats correlation, which uses a single adjustable parameter to model the changes in both relative permeabilities and residual oil saturation as a direct function of the IFT, yielded an unacceptable match to the experimentally determined fractional flow. However the Whitson–Fevang correlation, which relates the changes in relative permeability to the capillary number using two adjustable weighting functions, presents a satisfactory match.     

Factors Affecting Linearity and Response of Flame Ionization Detector

The application of gas chromatography to the analysis of both major and minor compounds in a sample requires a detector of high sensitivity and wide response range, such as a flame ionization detector. Response, linearity, and noise of the flame ionization detector are discussed and the effect of parameters, e.g., flow rates of the carrier, fuel gases, and sample capacity on the response of the detector are investigated. Also, it is necessary to know whether its response is strictly linear over the required range. This research aims to study the response characteristics of flame ionization detectors and their linear range. The optimum operating conditions have also been investigated in some detail.     

柴西地区英雄岭构造带构造特征差异及控制因素

利用最新采集的地震、钻井等资料,结合构造物理模拟实验,对柴达木盆地西部地区(简称柴西地区)英雄岭构造带的构造特征差异及控制因素进行分析。结果表明:柴西英雄岭构造带具有东西分段、南北分带、深浅分层的构造特征;下干柴沟组上段沉积时期是英雄岭构造带构造变形的关键时期,受先存的古构造正断层的影响,在该时期沉积的暗色泥岩、膏岩盐等软弱岩层的不均衡分布是控制英雄岭构造带构造特征差异的因素。古近纪,阿尔金断裂开始活动,英雄岭构造带在弱伸展构造环境下发育正断层,控制暗色泥岩、膏岩盐等软弱岩层的发育;新近纪,东昆仑断裂开始活动,柴西英雄岭构造带在强挤压构造环境下形成现今的正反转构造特征。     

Photoresponse Properties of CdSe Single‐Nanoribbon Photodetectors

Photodetectors are fabricated from individual single‐crystal CdSe nanoribbons, and the photoresponse properties of the devices are studied systematically. The photodetector shows a high sensitivity towards excitation wavelength with a sharp cut‐off at 710 nm, corresponding to the bandgap of CdSe. The device exhibits a high photo‐to‐dark current ratio of five orders of magnitude at 650 nm, and can function with excellent stability, reproducibility, and high response speed (< 1 ms) in a wide range of switching frequency (up to 300 Hz). The photocurrent of the device shows a power‐law dependence on light intensity. This finding together with the analysis of the light intensity‐dependent response speed reveals the existence of various traps at different energy levels (shallow and deep) in the bandgap. Coating with a thin SiO₂ isolating layer increases the photocurrent but decreases the response speed of the CdSe nanoribbon, which is attributed to reduction of recombination centers on ribbon surface.     

Highly Efficient Orange and Green Solid‐State Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on Cationic IrIII Complexes with Enhanced Steric Hindrance

Highly efficient orange and green emission from single‐layered solid‐state light‐emitting electrochemical cells based on cationic transition‐metal complexes [Ir(ppy)₂sb]PF₆ and [Ir(dFppy)₂sb]PF₆ (where ppy is 2‐phenylpyridine, dFppy is 2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)pyridine, and sb is 4,5‐diaza‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene) is reported. Photoluminescence measurements show highly retained quantum yields for [Ir(ppy)₂sb]PF₆ and [Ir(dFppy)₂ sb]PF₆ in neat films (compared with quantum yields of these complexes dispersed in m‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)benzene films). The spiroconfigured sb ligands effectively enhance the steric hindrance of the complexes and reduce the self‐quenching effect. The devices that use single‐layered neat films of [Ir(ppy)₂sb]PF₆ and [Ir(dFppy)₂sb]PF₆ achieve high peak external quantum efficiencies and power efficiencies of 7.1 % and 22.6 lm W^–1) at 2.5 V, and 7.1 % and 26.2 lm W^–1 at 2.8 V, respectively. These efficiencies are among the highest reported for solid‐state light‐emitting electrochemical cells, and indicate that cationic transition‐metal complexes containing ligands with good steric hindrance are excellent candidates for highly efficient solid‐state electrochemical cells.     

A Thermoplastic Gel Electrolyte for Stable Quasi‐Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are receiving considerable attention as low‐cost alternatives to conventional solar cells. In DSSCs based on liquid electrolytes, a photoelectric efficiency of 11 % has been achieved, but potential problems in sealing the cells and the low long‐term stability of these systems have impeded their practical use. Here, we present a thermoplastic gel electrolyte (TPGE) as an alternative to the liquid electrolytes used in DSSCs. The TPGE exhibits a thermoplastic character, high conductivity, long‐term stability, and can be prepared by a simple and convenient protocol. The viscosity, conductivity, and phase state of the TPGE can be controlled by tuning the composition. Using 40 wt % poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the polymeric host, 60 wt % propylene carbonate (PC) as the solvent, and 0.65 M KI and 0.065 M I₂ as the ionic conductors, a TPGE with a conductivity of 2.61 mS cm^–2 is prepared. Based on this TPGE, a DSSC is fabricated with an overall light‐to‐electrical‐energy conversion efficiency of 7.22 % under 100 mW cm^–2 irradiation. The present findings should accelerate the widespread use of DSSCs.     

Influences of Connecting Unit Architecture on the Performance of Tandem Organic Light‐Emitting Devices

The present work investigates the influence of the n‐type layer in the connecting unit on the performance of tandem organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). The n‐type layer is typically an organic electron‐transporting layer doped with reactive metals. By systematically varying the metal dopants and the electron‐transporting hosts, we have identified the important factors affecting the performance of the tandem OLEDs. Contrary to common belief, device characteristics were found to be insensitive to metal work functions, as supported by the ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy results that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of all metal‐doped n‐type layers studied here have similar energy levels. It suggests that the electron injection barriers from the connecting units are not sensitive to the metal dopant used. On the other hand, it was found that performance of the n‐type layers depends on their electrical conductivities which can be improved by using an electron‐transporting host with higher electron mobility. This effect is further modulated by the optical transparency of constituent organic layers. The efficiency of tandem OLEDs would decrease as the optical transmittance decreases.