Solution‐Processed Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers in High Efficiency Polymer Photovoltaic Cells

The detailed characterization of solution‐derived nickel (II) oxide (NiO) hole‐transporting layer (HTL) films and their application in high efficiency organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells is reported. The NiO precursor solution is examined in situ to determine the chemical species present. Coordination complexes of monoethanolamine (MEA) with Ni in ethanol thermally decompose to form non‐stoichiometric NiO. Specifically, the [Ni(MEA)₂(OAc)]⁺ ion is found to be the most prevalent species in the precursor solution. The defect‐induced Ni³⁺ ion, which is present in non‐stoichiometric NiO and signifies the p‐type conduction of NiO, as well as the dipolar nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) species are confirmed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with a polymer/fullerene photoactive layer blend composed of poly‐dithienogermole‐thienopyrrolodione (pDTG‐TPD) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM) are fabricated using these solution‐processed NiO films. The resulting devices show an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.8%, which is a 15% improvement over devices utilizing a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) HTL. The enhancement is due to the optical resonance in the solar cell and the hydrophobicity of NiO, which promotes a more homogeneous donor/acceptor morphology in the active layer at the NiO/BHJ interface. Finally, devices incorporating NiO as a HTL are more stable in air than devices using PEDOT:PSS.     

Multiple scale meshfree methods for damage fracture and localization

The Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM), which utilizes the fundamental notions of the convolution theorem, multiresolution analysis and meshfree properties, is reviewed. The multiple-scale RKPMs are then proposed as an alternative to commonly used numerical methods such as the finite element method. The elimination of a mesh, combined with the filtering properties of window functions, makes a particle method suitable for problems with large deformations, high gradients, and localization problems. This class of methods has been applied to shear band problems, and large deformation fracture and damage problems.     

The diversification of psychology: A multicultural revolution.

The National Multicultural Conference and Summit was held in January 1999 in California. Hosted by Divisions 17 (Counseling Psychology), 35 (Society for the Psychology of Women), and 45 (Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues), the event drew support from many American Psychological Association (APA) divisions and other organizations and sponsors. Approximately 550 psychologists and graduate students attended the conference, which was intended to (1) examine state-of-the-art issues in ethnic minority psychology, (2) identify barriers to becoming a multicultural profession, and (3) forge alliances for political action and advocacy. The summit participants unanimously endorsed resolutions aimed at implementing cultural competence in all psychological endeavors. Multicultural themes arising from the summit included the diversification of the US; the facilitation of difficult dialogues on race, gender, and sexual orientation; spirituality as a basic dimension of the human condition; the invisibility of monoculturalism and Whiteness; and the teaching of multiculturalism and diversity. APA was strongly encouraged to take the lead in seeing that multicultural competence becomes a defining feature of psychological practice, education and training, and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

RASSP Methodology Evaluation and Lessons Learned Developing IRST Signal Processor

The development of a real-time infrared search and track (IRST) processing system served as a real-world test of progress toward the fourfold reduction in cycle time expected at the end of the four-year Rapid Prototyping of Application Specific Signal Processors (RASSP) program. This signal processor development tested the effectiveness of the RASSP methodology and processes and provided critical metrics to evaluate the 4X roadmap. Virtual Prototyping, a VHDL technique for validating hardware and software design before building hardware, makes the RASSP top-down methodology unique. This paper describes the 4X roadmap for cycle time improvement, our experiences with virtual prototyping and important lessons learned for improving the methodology.     

A contention-free mobility management scheme based on probabilisticpaging

In forthcoming personal communication systems (PCSs), small cells are deployed to achieve high spectral efficiency. This has significant impacts on location tracking of mobile users. The increase in location update (LU) load leads to more contention on the reverse control channel. Thus, many algorithms are designed to distribute the LU load to a larger number of cells. This avoids the inefficiency of random accessing due to high offered load. In an alternative approach (Wong 1995), a contention-free LU algorithm is proposed. Two or more mobile units are permitted to register with a base station simultaneously without contention. A probabilistic paging mechanism called Bloom filtering is used to select cells to be paged. Since there is no contention in LU, inefficiencies due to random accessing are bypassed. In this paper, we present another contention-free LU algorithm. It is hybrid in the sense that LUs are temporally or geographically triggered. The use of hybrid LU alleviates inefficiencies inherent to temporal triggered LU in Wong. Three selective paging schemes are considered in this paper. Tradeoff between paging delay and paging bandwidth is addressed. The performance of this algorithm is compared to Wong and other conventional strategies. Numerical results show that the new algorithm compares favorably with previous proposed strategies     

Complex niches favour rational species

On the whole living things evolve from simpler to more complex forms, though not undirectionally. The evolution of more complex species makes the environment more complex and also makes the evolution of even more complex species possible and more selectable. With the evolution of sentients, species can be classified according to their degree of rationality. A more rational species is one whose behaviour (i.e. of its individual members) is controlled (relatively) more by the reward-penalty system than by the automatic, inflexible, programmed responses. In two reasonable simple models, it is shown that a more complex environment favours the evolution of more rational species. This result partly explains the dramatic speed of evolution based mainly on random mutation and natural selection, a speed doubted by creationists.     

TrueSNAP快门可锁定快速移动物体Micron CMOS图像传感器中的电子全息快门结构

1、运动中的物体拍摄清晰的数码图像很不容易,特别是在物体移动时。如果摄像头的曝光时间没有与物体的移动准确同步,图像将会模糊,甚至无法检测到模糊图像     

Nucleotide sequencing of S-RNA segment and sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid protein gene of the newly isolated Akabane virus PT-17 strain

The nucleotide sequences of the S-RNA of Akabane viruses JaGAr-39, OBE-1, Iriki and the newly isolated PT-17 strains and the Aino virus were determined and compared. The results reveal that the S-RNAs of the four Akabane strains share 96.9% homology in nucleotide sequences. Only one amino acid difference out of the 233 amino acids of the nucleocapsid protein (N) and three amino acid differences in the 91 amino acids of the nonstructural protein (NSs) were found among the Akabane viruses. Amino acid sequences of N and NSs proteins of the Aino virus have approximately 80% identity as compared with the Akabane viruses. The results also demonstrate that the four Akabane viruses and the Aino virus can be clearly differentiated by RFLP (restriction fragments length polymorphism) analysis using RT-PCR generated nucleocapsid protein genes and digested with HaeIII and HindIII. The phylogenetic tree based on the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) analysis of the sequences of nucleocapsid protein genes and the S-DNAs revealed that the newly isolated PT-17 strain is most closely related to Iriki strain, than the JaGAr-39 or OBE-1 strains.     

The elastic analysis of a dent on pressurised pipe

The elastic analysis of a dent on a pressurised cylinder is investigated. The predetermined shapes of the dent are grouped into three categories according to the physical geometry of the dent width, namely the local dent, the short dent, and the long dent. The induced bending stresses associated with the dent are evaluated using Sanders's non-linear shell theory. The geometry of the dent is treated as an initial geometric imperfection and incorporated in the expressions of strain. The non-linear cylindrical shell equations thus obtained are linearised and then solved by a Fourier series expansion technique. Comparison of theoretical results with the finite element approach is made for a pipe of assumed dimensions and pressure. Good agreement of the results is observed. The analytical approach of this paper is suitable for pipe or cylinder with a dent depth of up to five times the wall thickness.