Molecular dynamics study on the cluster structure of the 2‐D LJ fluid and water

A molecular dynamics simulation has been performed for a two‐dimensional Lennard–Jones (12‐6) fluid. A saturated liquid at low temperature, compressed liquid, and fluid at supercritical temperatures with various densities were analyzed. Number of bonds per molecule, lifetime of bonds, connectivity of molecules to form clusters, stability of clusters, and their responses to temperature and density are compared with those of a hydrogen bond in water. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 29(3): 218–232, 2000     

Frequency stabilization of a semiconductor laser under direct FSK modulation: The modulation method and evaluation of stability

The frequency stability of a semiconductor laser deteriorated under direct frequency shift keying (FSK) when stabilization depended entirely upon an external frequency reference. Therefore, the PEAK method was devised for the purpose of improving frequency stability. This method requires two distinct frequency components and, therefore, will not work effectively in a communications system that produces a succession of identical frequencies, as does the FSK method on occasion. This paper, then, explains the results of our comparative analysis of the two modulation methods. The evaluation of frequency stability requires us to use a beat note between two stabilized laser beams, referred to here, as “signal” and “reference,” lasers. The reference laser is stabilized by a method that takes advantage of the magneto-optical effect. This laser restrains the tendency of the beat note frequency to broaden in other stabilization methods, and even makes it possible to predetermine the beat frequency to be employed. The improvement in frequency stability obtained is about one order of magnitude. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 125(2): 44–51, 1998     

Formation mechanisms of paramagnetic defect centers induced by excimer lasers,gamma rays,and mechanical fracturing in amorphous SiO2

The formation mechanisms of paramagnetic defect centers in amorphous SiO₂ induced by excimer lasers, ⁶⁰Co γ rays, and mechanical fracturing were investigated. Correlation between the paramagnetic defect centers and their precursors introduced during manufacture is discussed for the cases of excimer lasers and γ rays. For the case of mechanical fracturing, formation of strained Si·O·Si bonds as well as paramagnetic defects is examined. The mechanism of laser- or γ-ray-induced paramagnetic defect centers is compared with that of fracture-induced centers. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Erg Jpn, 121(3): 9–19, 1997     

Preparation and properties of ester or cyano group substituted ring-opening polymers and their hydrogenated derivatives

Ester or cyano substituted tetracyclo [4.4.0.1^2,5.1^7,10]dodec-3-enes (1) were synthesized and their metathesis ring-opening polymerization was examined. The tungsten-based ternary catalyst system polymerized them very well. The polymers showed high glass transition temperatures (T_g) and no evidence of crystallization (e.g., the T_g of the polymer derived from 8-methyl-8-methoxycarbonyl substituted monomer (1a) was 207°C, and colorless transparent films could be casted from the solution of the polymer). The stability of these high T_g polymers were too unstable, so practical thermal molding methods could not be applied to them. The hydrogenation of these polymers with a palladium catalyst decreased T_g and greatly increased thermal stability. The physical and thermal properties of the hydrogenated polymers were thoroughly investigated. Monomer 1 was successfully copolymerized with other cyclic olefins. The resultant copolymers were hydrogenated, giving thermally stable polymers. In all cases examined in this study, a decrease of T_g by hydrogenation was about 35°C, regardless of the monomer structure. These results indicate that the main-chain mobility is the major contribution to the decrease of T_g. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 367–375, 1997     

Insolubilisation and gelation of heat–frozen soymilk

Soymilk prepared from soybean seed was heated and frozen. After thawing, precipitation was shown to occur in soymilk. Precipitation from heated and frozen soymilk increased with increase in heating time. Precooling treatment (−5°C) before freeze‐storage of heated soymilk resulted in gel‐like solidification of soymilk. The gel strength of the freeze‐gel formed from soymilk was related to the heating time and the viscosity of the soymilk before freezing. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Control schemes and transient characteristics of a high‐speed phase shifter for power flow control in power transmission systems

In recent years, attention has been paid to the concept of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems), along with significant progress in power electronic technology. A high‐speed phase shifter, which is one of the most promising devices in the FACTS concept, has the potential of power flow control and/or voltage stability in power transmission systems. In this paper, theory and experiment reveal that conventional high‐speed phase shifters may cause power swings in a transient state as a result of coupling between instantaneous active and reactive power control loops. Thus, two new control schemes for a high‐speed phase shifter are proposed to achieve both power flow control and power swing damping. The second proposed control scheme is based on the control scheme of an already proposed series active filter. Simulated and experimental results agree well with analytical results, not only in steady states but also in transient states. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(2): 74–82, 1999     

Improvement in learning efficiency of multilayered neural networks based on dynamic systems

This paper proposes a new method which uses the dynamic systems for improving learning efficiency in multilayered neural networks. The shape of the error function is analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation, and the learning efficiency is improved on the basis of the shape analysis and the adaptive learning rate. The proposed method uses the adaptive learning rate which is determined from the gradient of the error function. The proposed method is applied to XOR and 5-bit parity check problems and the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method are verified. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(4): 77–86, 1999     

Investigation of partial discharge mechanism by simultaneous measurement of current waveform and light emission

We observed current pulse waveforms of partial discharge (PD) in SF₆ gas so as to investigate the PD mechanism. We also measured light intensity and light emission image of PD simultaneously under different conditions of applies voltage and SF₆ gas pressure. From these experiments, we found that the “double-peak current waveform” appeared at high pressure and high voltage conditions. We also analyzed the mutual correlation of waveforms between a single current and the light emission. Moreover, we obtained experimental evidence of filmentlike light image appearing at the PD tip under the same condition with double-peak current waveform. From the electric field analysis around the needle electrode tip, we believe that the filamentlike light image expands beyond the critical electric field of SF₆ gas. Thus, we concluded that these current waveforms with double peaks showed evidence of leader-type PD, leading to breakdown. Finally, we could point out that leader-type PD should be distinguished and measured for the diagnosis of GIS insulation performance. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(4): 58–65, 1999