Colored amorphous silica-based powder with TiN nanocrystals precipitated by ammonolysis of Ti–Si–O ternary glass

Coloration of amorphous silica powder containing titania was investigated by nitridation in an ammonia flow. The oxide precursors were obtained by the hydrolysis of a mixture of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and tetrabutoxy titanium (TBT). The color changed with the amount of TBT in the mixture, the hydrolysis pH and the ammonolysis temperature. The original white color of the 8 mol% TBT powder hydrolyzed under basic pH conditions changed to pale goldenrod at 700°C, then to dark olive green at 800°C, and further darkened with increasing ammonolysis temperature. A steel-blue color appeared at 900°C for the powder obtained with 3 mol% TBT, and increased in darkness at 1000°C. A similar bluish color was observed for powders obtained by acidic hydrolysis after ammonolysis above 900°C, and this was independent of the amount of titania, although the chroma decreased with increasing firing temperature for the powder with 3 mol% TBT. The ammonolysis powder products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), transmission electron microscopy-electron energy-loss spectroscopy (TEM-EELS), scanning transmission electron microscopy-high-angle annular dark-field imaging (STEM-HAADF) and Ti–K edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The color change was related to both precipitated TiN nanocrystals and residual titanium in the amorphous silica matrix. The TiN exhibited a goldish reflection and also plasmonic absorption from light blue to gray depending on the TiN crystallite size. The plasmonic absorption and resonance of nanocrystalline TiN will be useful similarly to that of gold in nanotechnology for various kinds of energy application.     

Wide Color Variation in SiNO Thin Films Dispersed with Precipitated TiN Nano Particles

Amorphous thin films of Ti_1?ySi_y(N,O) with y ≥ 0.38 were prepared by reactive sputter deposition in a nitrogen atmosphere. Thermal annealing of the films in an ammonia flow above 800°C yielded Si(N,O) amorphous thin films dispersed with precipitated TiN nanosized particles. The film color changed with Si content y and the annealing conditions, from carrot orange to cream yellow in the as‐deposited films due to their oxynitride nature, and from dark green to canary yellow and from iron blue to horizon blue at respective annealing temperatures of 800°C and 900°C due to metallic nature of the TiN nanosized particles precipitated in the annealing.     

Development of a high‐resolution RGBW flexible display using a white organic light‐emitting diode with microcavity structure and that of a side‐roll touch panel

In this study, white organic electroluminescent devices with microcavity structures were developed. A flexible high‐resolution active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode display with low power consumption using red, green, blue, and white sub‐pixels formed by a color‐filter method was fabricated. In addition, a side‐roll touch display was developed in combination with a capacitive flexible touch screen.     

Asymmetric oxidation of poly(vinyl sulfides) with percamphoric acid,aspergillus niger,and penicillium notatum

The asymmetric oxidation of poly(phenylvinyl sulfide) (poly-Ph VS) and poly(t-butylvinyl sulfide) (poly-t-BuVS) was carried out with optically active percamphoric acid, and the optically active polysulfoxides were obtained. The values of the specific rotation for the oxidation products of poly-PhVS and poly-t-BuVS were + 1.0 (having 56% of sulfoxide unit contents) and +9.1 (49%), respectively. The specific rotation of the product increased with increasing the contents of sulfoxide units. The optical rotatory dispersion curves of the oxidation products of poly-PhVS and poly-t-BuVS were positive curves and were found to fit the simple Drude equation. The λ_c values of the oxidation products (poly-PhVS, 271 mμ; poly-t-BuVS, 212 mμ) suggested that the chromophore which caused optically activity was the sulfoxide group. Similarly, the asymmetric oxidation of t-BuVS–MMA copolymer, t-BuVS–styrene copolymer, and PhVS–MMA copolymer was carried out, and the optically active copolysulfoxides were obtained. Furthermore, the biosynthetic oxidation of poly-PhVS and PhVS–maleic anhydride copolymer treated with aqueous KOH was carried out using Aspergillus niger or Penicillium notatum in Czapeck solution, and the optically active polymers were obtained.     

Thermodynamic calculation method for formation of rare earth inclusions in conductive copper

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Power reduction using adiabatic charge method for PDP driver circuit

Abstract— By applying an energy‐recovery method to their driver circuits, the circuit power consumption of plasma displays can be reduced. However, further power reduction is necessary for large‐sized higher‐resolution displays such as used for Super HDTV. The ideal adiabatic charge method has been proven to be able to minimize circuit resistive element power consumption to 81 % of the conventional energy‐recovery‐circuit resistive‐element loss. An experimental pseudo‐adiabatic charge circuit that reduces the power consumption to about 90% of a conventional circuit has been demonstrated. The power consumption caused by both the resistance loss and the discharge loss of the switching‐element parasitic capacitances was analyzed.     

Ruthenium (II) complexes with π expanded ligand having phenylene–ethynylene moiety as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells

Ruthenium(II) complexes by introducing phenylene–ethynylene subunit into a tpy (tpy=2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) ligand were newly synthesized, and their photophysical and photochemical properties were characterized. The molar extinction coefficients of these dyes were larger than that of black dye. The photovoltaic performances of the solar cells based on these synthesizing dyes were investigated under AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm^?2). The conversion efficiencies of 1a and 1b were 5.7% and 2.4%, respectively.     

Kochen-Specker theorem studied with neutron interferometer

The Kochen-Specker theorem shows the incompatibility of noncontextual hidden variable theories with quantum mechanics. Quantum contextuality is a more general concept than quantum non-locality which is quite well tested in experiments using Bell inequalities. Within neutron interferometry we performed an experimental test of the Kochen-Specker theorem with an inequality, which identifies quantum contextuality, by using spin-path entanglement of single neutrons. Here entanglement is achieved not between different particles, but between degrees of freedom of a single neutron, i.e., between spin and path degree of freedom. Appropriate combinations of the spin analysis and the position of the phase shifter allow an experimental verification of the violation of an inequality derived from the Kochen-Specker theorem. The observed violation 2.291±0.008?1 clearly shows that quantum mechanical predictions cannot be reproduced by noncontextual hidden variable theories.     

Special Silicone Treatments of Anodized Aluminium Surfaces

In a new process for reducing adhesion of ice to aluminium alloy used in refrigerators, an application of a special organosiloxane to the anodized surface is followed by heat treatment. Three organohydrosiloxanes and three variations of heat treatment were examined in respect of their effect on resistance to abrasion and corrosion. The treatments were more effective with 2S grade aluminium than with 3S. The abrasion resistance was increased about tenfold and it is considered that this improvement results from chemical bonding between the organohydrosiloxanes and anodized layers.     

Construction of simulation model for spray flash desalination system

This paper describes a simulation model for a spray flash desalination system which makes fresh water from sea water by using the temperature difference between warm surface sea water and cool deep sea water. The spray flash desalination system can be modeled by using the energy conservation law and the mass conservation law. Simulation results of the model are compared with the experimental results and show the accuracy of the proposed simulation model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(4): 9–17, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20975