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151.
152.
Vincent Larivière Etienne Vignola-Gagné Christian Villeneuve Pascal Gélinas Yves Gingras 《Scientometrics》2011,87(3):483-498
Using the entire population of professors at universities in the province of Quebec (Canada), this article analyzes the relationship
between sex and research funding, publication rates, and scientific impact. Since age is an important factor in research and
the population pyramids of men and women are different, the role of age is also analyzed. The article shows that, after they
have passed the age of about 38, women receive, on average, less funding for research than men, are generally less productive
in terms of publications, and are at a slight disadvantage in terms of the scientific impact (measured by citations) of their
publications. Various explanations for these differences are suggested, such as the more restricted collaboration networks
of women, motherhood and the accompanying division of labour, women’s rank within the hierarchy of the scientific community
and access to resources as well as their choice of research topics and level of specialization. 相似文献
153.
Ultra-small gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (US-Gd(2)O(3)) are used to provide 'positive' contrast effects in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and are being considered for molecular and cellular imaging applications. However, these nanoparticles can aggregate over time in aqueous medium, as well as when internalized into cells. This study is aimed at measuring in vitro, in aqueous medium, the impact of aggregation on the relaxometric properties of paramagnetic US-Gd(2)O(3) particles. First, the nanoparticle core size as well as aggregation behaviour was assessed by HRTEM. DLS (hydrodynamic diameter) was used to measure the hydrodynamic diameter of nanoparticles and nanoaggregates. The relaxometric properties were measured by NMRD profiling, as well as with (1)H NMR relaxometers. Then, the positive contrast enhancement effect was assessed by using magnetic resonance scanners (at 1.5 and 7 T). At every magnetic field, the longitudinal relaxivity (r(1)) decreased upon agglomeration, while remaining high enough to provide positive contrast. On the other hand, the transverse relaxivity (r(2)) slightly decreased at 0.47 and 1.41 T, but it was enhanced at higher fields (7 and 11.7 T) upon agglomeration. All NMRD profiles revealed a characteristic relaxivity peak in the range 60-100 MHz, suggesting the possibility to use US-Gd(2)O(3) as an efficient 'positive-T(1)' contrast agent at clinical magnetic fields (1-3 T), in spite of aggregation. 相似文献
154.
A variety of data smoothing techniques exist to address the issue of noise in spectroscopic data. The vast majority, however, require parameter specification by a knowledgeable user, which is typically accomplished by trial and error. In most situations, optimized parameters represent a compromise between noise reduction and signal preservation. In this work, we demonstrate a nonparametric regression approach to spectral smoothing using a spatially adaptive penalized least squares (SAPLS) approach. An iterative optimization procedure is employed that permits gradual flexibility in the smooth fit when statistically significant trends based on multiscale statistics assuming white Gaussian noise are detected. With an estimate of the noise level in the spectrum the procedure is fully automatic with a specified confidence level for the statistics. Potential application to the heteroscedastic noise case is also demonstrated. Performance was assessed in simulations conducted on several synthetic spectra using traditional error measures as well as comparisons of local extrema in the resulting smoothed signals to those in the true spectra. For the simulated spectra, a best case comparison with the Savitzky-Golay smoothing via an exhaustive parameter search was performed while the SAPLS method was assessed for automated application. The application to several dissimilar experimentally obtained Raman spectra is also presented. 相似文献
155.
156.
We consider a single non-markovian failure prone machine which delivers a single product. The operating policy of the machine is chosen to be of the hedging point type. In the infinite horizon limit, we calculate the position of the hedging point that minimizes a convex cost function. 相似文献
157.
A computer model was extended and adapted to simulate the hygrothermal behavior of building envelope-wood components. The model was used to predict moisture movement in wood planks forming the decks of nonvented flat roofs insulated with cellulose. The gradient of water potential was considered as the driving force for moisture movement in wood. The model required the determination of convective heat- and mass-transfer coefficients, the sorption curves, the effective water conductivity for different wood species, and the hygrothermal conditions within the assembly to characterize the mass-conservation equation. Once these parameters were integrated in the computer model, this approach was then validated by carrying a simulation of the drying process of wood planks using experimental data from a large-scale test. 相似文献
158.
Stephan Schöttl Richard Rusby Henri Godfrin Matthias Meschke Valérie Goudon Sebastien Triqueneaux Andrea Peruzzi Martin J. de Groot Reyer Jochemsen Wim Bosch Yves Hermier Laurent Pitre Céline Rives Bernd Fellmuth Jost Engert 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2005,138(3-4):941-946
No Heading Recently, a superconductive reference device, SRD1000, with ten reference materials has been developed to enable simplified in situ calibration of interpolating thermometers. We report on the evaluation of SRD1000 prototypes at various laboratories. The devices were built and tested by HDL and KOL, calibrated at NMi-VSL and then distributed to other partners where they were re-calibrated against the local realisations of the PLTS-2000 or laboratory scales. As a result, we obtained data on the superconductive transition temperatures, widths and shapes for four different devices. Reproducibility, sharpness of the transitions, supercooling and sensitivity to magnetic fields are evaluated. This leads to estimates of the uncertainty in determination of the transition midpoint and temperature.PACS numbers: 07.20.Dt, 07.20.Mc, 74.62.–c, 74.70.Ad 相似文献
159.
Masaaki Suzuki Yves Maniette Yoshinori Nakata Takeshi Okutani 《Ceramics International》1993,19(6):407-413
The synthesis conditions of SiC ultrafine particles from SiH4 and C2H4 using a CO2 laser were studied and a comparison was made between SiH4---C2H4 and SiH2Cl2---C2H4 systems. Ultrafine SiC particles were synthesized by irradiating a SiH4 and C2H4 gas mixture with a CO2 laser at atmospheric pressure. SiC particles were obtained at a laser power of more than 0·92 kW/cm2.
The behavior of the reaction flame temperature and the extent of the laser light absorption by SiH4---C2H4 was different from that of SiH2Cl2---C2H4, although an abrupt temperature increase was observed in both cases. In the case of SiH4---C2H4 an abrupt increase in the laser light absorption was not observed, whilst it was observed in the case of SiH2Cl2---C2H4. This difference resulted from the difference in liability to form solid carbon particles. 相似文献
160.
Parpal J.-L. Awad R. Choquette M. Becker J. Hiivala L. Chatterjee S. Kojima T. Rosevear R.D. Morelli O. 《Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on》1997,12(2):547-550
Extruded polymeric cables and accessories are an alternative to self-contained fluid filled (SCFF) cables for extra-high-voltage (EHV) systems. Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated cables have many advantages over the traditional fluid-filled pressurized cable system with the elimination of the hydraulic system and the associated equipment and complications during the installation and operation/maintenance of such systems. Other advantages of the extruded cable system arise from the new accessory technologies and the use of splices and terminations that are prefabricated and pretested in the factory and require less time to install on site. Concerns over the long term reliability of high voltage cable systems, in particular the accessories and the lack of service experience above 300 kV led to the decision of Hydro-Quebec to carry out a prequalification (long-term) test program to assess the reliability of the cable materials and to verify the cable and accessory installation methods to be employed. The cables were installed in duct banks and manholes simulating actual installation conditions used in Hydro-Quebec underground cable network. This paper describes the program and results of the prequalification tests of 345-kV XLPE cables and accessories performed at Hydro-Quebec's Research Institute (IREQ) in partnership with three international cable manufacturers, Alcatel, Fujikura and Pirelli 相似文献