On the release of glutamate and aspartate in the basal ganglia of the rat: interactions with monoamines and neuropeptides

Experiments were designed to determine the in vivo cell-cycle phase of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid follicles, and whether B-cell proliferation and apoptosis occur within follicular dendritic cell (FDC)-associated clusters. Using frozen serial sections of human tonsils, lymphoid follicles were stained to reveal histone H3 mRNA, as an S-phase marker, using in situ hybridization, and stained immunohistochemically with antibodies against cyclin E as a late G1 phase marker, cyclin B1 and p34cdc2 as S-G2-M phase markers, and Ki-67 as a marker of cycling cells. Each LF was divided into five zones: mantle zone, outer zone, apical light zone, basal light zone and dark zone, with the help of haematoxylin and eosin staining, and a CD23 immunostain. The rate of occurrence of positively labelled cells was calculated by dividing the number of positive cells by the number of all cells in each zone. The cells that were positive for cyclin E, histone H3 mRNA, cyclin B1, p34cdc2, and Ki-67 were found most frequently in the dark zone (54.5 +/- 6.6%, 22.0 +/- 5.7%, 36.7 +/- 14.5%, 40.0 +/- 10.2%, and 59.0 +/- 13.4%, respectively), followed by the outer zone (52.7 +/- 7.8%, 14.9 +/- 4.1%, 22.9 +/- 9.7%, 24.9 +/- 7.9%, and 44.6 +/- 12.3%, respectively), showing that both the outer zone and the dark zone contain many proliferating lymphocytes. Furthermore, FDC-associated clusters and free lymphocytes were obtained from enucleated germinal centres, using enzymatic digestion. The rates of occurrence of cells that were positive for cyclin B1 and Ki-67 within the clusters (7.2 +/- 1.9% and 37.9 +/- 10.5% respectively) were significantly lower than those of free lymphocytes outside the clusters (22.2 +/- 4.0% and 62.8 +/- 14.0%, respectively). The rates of occurrence of apoptotic bodies and cells within the clusters, as detected by in situ tailing or in situ nick translation (0.2 +/- 0.4% and 0.4 +/- 0.4%, respectively) were significantly lower than those outside the clusters (1.1 +/- 0.3, 1.6 +/- 0.5%, respectively). These results suggest that FDC-associated clusters are not the site of proliferation, and that they rarely contain apoptotic bodies and cells of B lymphocytes.     

Surgical management of pressure ulcers

Surgical management of pressure ulcers ranges from office or bedside debridement to formal debridement in the operating room for the more extensive necrosis. Closure of these wounds may be by advancement flap closure for the simple ulcers and by local muscle or myocutaneous flap closure for the more complex ulcers and defects. Some pressure ulcers recur following previous surgery or following conservative treatment. The simple recurrences can be managed by the use of simple techniques while the surgical options for the management of the more difficult recurrent ulcers are limited involving more complex surgery like sensate flaps, expanded flaps, free tissue transfers and fillet flaps.     

Increased child abuse in families with twins

Close spacing of children may be a significant risk factor for subsequent abuse in some families. Twin births are an extreme example of close spacing. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that twin births may predispose to an increased incidence of child abuse. Thirty-eight families with twins were compared with 97 single birth families and matched for birthdate, maternal age, race, and socioeconomic status. Families with twins experienced a significantly higher incidence of child abuse and neglect than did those with single births (p less than .003). A written questionnaire designed to study mothers' feelings and perceptions of support systems showed a significant difference only in greater difficulty in feeding twins as compared with single infants (p less than .001). Mothers of abused children were more likely not to answer the questionnaire at all (p less than .005). Neither mothers of single births nor those of twins felt that health professionals provided adequate education or support following the birth of their infants.     

Improving the life,storage, and recording of spare parts

Conclusions To reduce expenditure on acquiring and making spare parts and units and substantially reduce their consumption it is necessary to carry out more work on the standardization of components, replacing equipment and technical plant both in enterprises and in the industry as a whole. In all enterprises we should compile catalogs of components and equipment units, and determine the minimal required permanent stocks. Over a period of one to two years it will be necessary to carry out the complete centralization of the stocks of spare parts and guarantee their accountancy of consumption. To obtain a return of not less than 35–40% worn-out components for restoration and not less than 40–50% newly produced spare parts it will be necessary to subject them to strengthening by various techniques.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 6, pp. 23–27, June, 1973.     

Determination of the energy of a relativistic electron beam by measuring the thickness of the colored layer in glass

A method for determining the energy of relativistic electrons, which was used in the investigation of electromagnetic fields in plasma and dielectric structures, is described. The electron energy was determined by the extrapolated track of electrons in glass, which was estimated by the thickness of the colored (darkened) layer formed by electrons. The density distribution of the colored layer along the direction of electron motion makes it possible to record the width of the beam energy spectrum and the beam position relative to the axis of the transit channel. A stack of glass plates on which the beam is incident can be installed in the transit channel of the dielectric structure or in plasma. Each plate in the stack is placed in parallel to the beam axis. After irradiation of the plates with relativistic electrons, the colored layer depth and the density distribution are determined. Examples of determining the electron energy of a pulsed relativistic electron beam are presented. The method is insensitive to electromagnetic noise, is inexpensive, simple, and easy to use.     

Stagnating liquid biofuel developments in Russia: Present status andfuture perspectives

It is widely acknowledged that Russia possesses enormous biomass resources (Hoogwijk et al., 2005). Its vast areas devoted to agricultural production and plentiful timber resources suggest good prospects for the development of liquid biofuel production. However, no significant advances in this direction have been reported till now. None of the numerous investment projects announced at the heydays of biofuel excitement in Russia (2006−2008) are at the moment commercially operating. There are no specialised plants for the production of bioethanol and biodiesel in Russia. Little is known of the reasons for this discrepancy between biofuel potential and actual development. In investigating this discrepancy, this article analyses national developments and investigates local dynamics through a case-study in the Omsk region. It is found that the reasons for this discrepancy are not related to technological incapabilities, but are to be found in the low policy and institutional priority given to non-fossil fuel exploitation and lack of market opportunities. Sprouts of second generation liquid biofuel technologies can be identified within the state system, but it remains to be seen how strong and how long these will be supported by the Russian state.     

Stabilized treatment of recycled water in byproduct capture shop

Problems in the cooling-water cycle are addressed. Data are presented regarding the treatment of the recycled cooling water and the coking byproducts by Nalco reagents.