A Secure and Effective Energy-Aware Fixed-Point Quantization Scheme for Asynchronous Federated Learning

Asynchronous federated learning (AsynFL) can effectively mitigate the impact of heterogeneity of edge nodes on joint training while satisfying participant user privacy protection and data security. However, the frequent exchange of massive data can lead to excess communication overhead between edge and central nodes regardless of whether the federated learning (FL) algorithm uses synchronous or asynchronous aggregation. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a method that can simultaneously take into account device heterogeneity and edge node energy consumption reduction. This paper proposes a novel Fixed-point Asynchronous Federated Learning (FixedAsynFL) algorithm, which could mitigate the resource consumption caused by frequent data communication while alleviating the effect of device heterogeneity. FixedAsynFL uses fixed-point quantization to compress the local and global models in AsynFL. In order to balance energy consumption and learning accuracy, this paper proposed a quantization scale selection mechanism. This paper examines the mathematical relationship between the quantization scale and energy consumption of the computation/communication process in the FixedAsynFL. Based on considering the upper bound of quantization noise, this paper optimizes the quantization scale by minimizing communication and computation consumption. This paper performs pertinent experiments on the MNIST dataset with several edge nodes of different computing efficiency. The results show that the FixedAsynFL algorithm with an 8-bit quantization can significantly reduce the communication data size by 81.3% and save the computation energy in the training phase by 74.9% without significant loss of accuracy. According to the experimental results, we can see that the proposed AsynFixedFL algorithm can effectively solve the problem of device heterogeneity and energy consumption limitation of edge nodes.     

Data‐Driven Bending Elasticity Design by Shell Thickness

We present a method to design the deformation behavior of 3D printed models by an interactive tool, where the variation of bending elasticity at different regions of a model is realized by a change in shell thickness. Given a soft material to be used in 3D printing, we propose an experimental setup to acquire the bending behavior of this material on tubes with different diameters and thicknesses. The relationship between shell thickness and bending elasticity is stored in an echo state network using the acquired dataset. With the help of the network, an interactive design tool is developed to generate non‐uniformly hollowed models to achieve desired bending behaviors. The effectiveness of this method is verified on models fabricated by different 3D printers by studying whether their physical deformation can match the designed target shape.     

中式卷烟包装设计之管窥

本文以《烟草控制框架公约》在我国正式生效后,按照《公约》对卷烟包装的规定,我国的卷烟商标和包装在很大程度上要重新设计和制作为着眼点,从正确履行《烟草控制框架公约》保持中式卷烟包装设计特色、正确理解中式卷烟内涵,明确烟标和包装设计方向、中式卷烟包装和色彩与消费心理有着密切的关系以及中式卷烟包装应该提高环保意识、减少环境污染和中式卷烟包装应提高技术含量,利用核心技术进行防伪设计等方面,论述了中式卷烟包装设计的发展方向及注意的事项。     

Analysis of electrochemical mechanism of coprecipitated nano-Ag4Bi2O5 as super high charge–discharge rate cathode materials for aqueous rechargeable battery

Nano Ag₄Bi₂O₅ as a novel cathode material of rechargeable alkaline batteries was successfully synthesized by precise control of precipitation reaction. KOH solution was used as precipitant and a mixture of AgNO₃ and Bi(NO₃)₃ as Ag–Bi source. The experimental results indicate that concentration of KOH, reaction temperature and PH value have the effects on the structure and electrochemical property of the product. The material was characterized by means of XRD, FSEM and TG–DSC. The results show that the sample is single crystals with 50–100 nm in width and 600–800 nm in length. The electrochemical performances of Ag₄Bi₂O₅ in the alkaline electrolyte were measured by galvanostatic method and cyclic voltammetry tests through film electrode. The sample shows three typical procedures during the charge–discharge, corresponding to Ag(II)–Ag(I), Ag(I)–Ag(0) and Bi(III)–Bi(0) transformation processes. This result is also verified by XRD tests. The Ag₄Bi₂O₅ electrode has excellent electrochemical properties. It undergoes a current density as high as 20 A g^?1, which greatly reduces charge time down to 55.9 s. The electrode offers a cycling capacity of 330 mAh g^?1 and a cycling life more than 400 cycles at 1–2 A g^?1.     

Chemical process fault diagnosis based on enchanted machine‐learning approach

In the chemical industry, fault diagnosis is a challenging task due to the complexity of chemical equipment. This paper proposes a machine learning‐based approach to achieve the goal of fault diagnosis. First, in order to reduce the impact of redundant features, support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVMRFE) is used to select important features. The trained probabilistic neural network (PNN) is then used for fault diagnosis. Considering that the diagnostic performance is affected by its hidden layer element smoothing factor (σ), the modified bat algorithm (MBA) is used to optimize the PNN to obtain optimal global parameter values. The MBA adopts a better optimization mechanism than the basic algorithm and achieves excellent global convergence. It can globally optimize the smoothing factor, which effectively improves the fault diagnosis ability of the PNN. During the testing of the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process data set, we evaluate the performance of the proposed model by comparing the F₁‐score and accuracy of the different methods. The charts provided describe the fault diagnostic results and classification for the different models. The results indicate that the MBA has a better optimization ability than other traditional optimization algorithms. At the same time, the combination method proposed in this paper is also superior to others and can significantly improve the accuracy of TE process fault diagnosis.     

民航中波NDB导航信号监测方法探讨

本文主要研究了民航无线电导航信号监测方法,结合日常监测的工作经验,以乌鲁木齐国际机场NDB导航台为例多次测试分析,详细给出了针对NDB系统导航信号进行监测的技术方法。     

超临界CO2在有机液体中的分散

 针对近临界、超临界CO₂如何使有机液体及石油体积膨胀、与有机液体及石油混相和如何萃取等问题,从分子结构和分子间作用力层面简要介绍了CO₂在有机液体中的分散。近期研究结果表明,在(CO₂+有机液体)体系中,近临界、超临界CO₂并不是简单地溶解在有机液体中,而是形成了CO₂-CO₂分子聚集体、有机液体 有机液体分子聚集体和CO₂-有机液体分子聚集体共存的分散体系。随着压力的增加,由于这些分子聚集体的聚集度、尺寸或聚集体之间距离(空间)的增加,导致有机液体宏观体积增加,并进一步发展形成混相。在相同温度、压力下,有机液体的分子越小,分子间作用力越弱,CO₂越易于分散在其中,且溶解度更大,体积膨胀更明显,也更易于混相。同理,CO₂更易于萃取相对分子质量较小的物质。对CO₂与有机液体或石油混相机理和CO₂对某些物质萃取原理提出了更科学的解释。     

技术进步与建筑界面形态的演变

技术进步正大跨步地改变着人们的生产方式、生活习惯,亦影响着人们的审美观念,尤其是迅猛发展的高新技术给社会带来巨大变革的同时,也对建筑领域产生了极大的影响。建筑材料类型的丰富、建筑结构技艺的更迭、建筑设备性能的升级都直接或者间接地牵制着建筑形态。本文通过对技术变革剧烈的近现代时期典型建筑界面形态在结构技术及计算技术两个层面的解析,厘清其在技术演进路线上的演绎步进,探讨建筑界面发展趋势,以及对其产生影响的各种技术因素的内在联系。     

单坡大跨度钢屋架考虑空间作用内力分析

结合抚顺特钢大棒材连轧生产线技术改造工程中的大跨度钢屋架设计,利用结构设计软件SAP2000建立有限元模型,对单榀钢屋架和考虑空间模型钢屋架的内力进行分析。计算结果表明,在相同荷载作用下,钢屋架按空间建模考虑空间作用进行内力分析时,其上弦杆和部分直腹杆的内力值有所减小,钢屋架设计用总钢量降低8.8%左右。分析结果可为同类型工程应用提供参考。     

三肢剪力墙在水平荷载作用下内力位移解析解法

随着高层结构应用日益广泛,多肢剪力墙及其组合结构成为高层结构中不可或缺的一部分,但是在土木类规范、教材中对于多肢剪力墙内力求解的核心部分：对连梁约束弯矩构成的微分方程组采取叠加分配的计算方法有失偏颇。文章对连梁约束弯矩求解过程中产生的2个二阶微分方程组采取转化为4个一阶微分方程组,进而求微分方程组系数矩阵的基解矩阵的办法,从而给出多肢剪力墙中三肢剪力墙在3种水平荷载作用下内力、位移的解析计算公式。比较两种方法的内力计算结果与Midas计算模型内力的差距,发现运用传统方法连梁的内力结果较计算模型和文中计算小10%左右。该方法避免对连梁刚度以及连梁相对位置和墙肢整体性等一系列参数的讨论,避开分配系数这个概念,改进传统解析方法,为剪力墙与框架组合结构内力、位移解析表达式的推导夯实基础。