Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity.

In Studies 1 and 2, after reading an acquaintance-rape but not a stranger-rape scenario, higher benevolent sexist but not hostile sexist participants blamed the victim significantly more. In Study 2, higher hostile sexist but not benevolent sexist male participants showed significantly greater proclivity to commit acquaintance (but not stranger) rape. Studies 3 and 4 supported the hypothesis that the effects of benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are mediated by different perceptions of the victim, as behaving inappropriately and as really wanting sex with the rapist. These findings show that benevolent sexism and hostile sexism underpin different assumptions about women that generate sexist reactions toward rape victims. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Human placental cytotrophoblasts produce the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin 10

The mechanism by which the mammalian mother accepts the implanting fetus as an allograft remains unexplained, but is likely to be the result of a combination of factors. Mononuclear cytotrophoblasts, the specialized fetal cells of the placenta that invade the uterus, play an important role. These cells express HLA-G, an unusual major histocompatibility complex class I-B molecule, and secrete cytokines and pregnancy-specific proteins that can regulate immune function. We investigated whether cytotrophoblasts secrete interleukin 10 (IL-10), a cytokine that potently inhibits alloresponses in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Cytotrophoblasts from all stages of pregnancy produced IL-10 in vitro, but neither placental fibroblasts nor choriocarcinoma (malignant trophoblast) cell lines did so. Spontaneous IL-10 production averaged 650, 853, and 992 pg/10(6) cells in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. IL-10 secretion dropped approximately 10-fold after the first 24 h of culture, and was paralleled by a decrease in messenger RNA. IL-10 messenger RNA was detected in biopsies of the placenta and the portion of the uterus that contains invasive cytotrophoblasts, suggesting that this cytokine is also produced in vivo. IL-10 secreted by cytotrophoblasts in vitro is bioactive, as determined by its ability to suppress interferon gamma production in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. We conclude that human cytotrophoblast IL-10 may be an important factor that contributes to maternal tolerance of the allogeneic fetus.     

Expression of microfibrillar proteins by bovine bladder urothelium

OBJECTIVE: To compare hydrodynamic characteristics of a new bileaflet heart valve, the CarboMedics kinetic cardiac valve prosthesis, with those of a St. Jude Medical (SJM) heart valve. METHODS: Hydrodynamic characteristics were determined in the mitral and aortic positions of a Vivitro Systems pulse duplicator for size 23 Kinetic aortic values, size 23 SJM aortic valves, size 29 Kinetic mitral valves and size 29 SJM mitral valves. Test conditions were 72 beats per min with cardiac outputs of 2, 5 and 7 l/min. Values of forward flow pressure drop (delta P), regurgitant and energy loss were determined for each valve. The test results for the two valve designs were compared by valve size. RESULTS: The test results show that both the size 23 and size 29 Kinetic valves have 8-14% lower delta P values and 5-10% greater effective orifice area (EOA) values. The size 29 Kinetic mitral valve has a 1-2 ml lower regurgitant volume, while the size 23 Kinetic aortic valve has a 0.5 ml greater regurgitant volume than the corresponding SJM values. These factors combine to provide a 5-10% lower energy loss for size 23 Kinetic aortic valves and a 15-25% lower energy loss for size 29 Kinetic mitral valves over the cardiac cycle than for corresponding sizes of SJM valves. CONCLUSIONS: The Kinetic valve's fluid dynamics are superior to equivalent sizes of SJM valves. This is especially impressive considering that the tissue annulus diameters for Kinetic valves are approximately 0.5 mm less than equivalent size SJM valves. The primary reasons for the superior hydrodynamic performance of Kinetic valves are (1) the larger orifices which result in lower forward flow delta P values and (2) the opening angles, which have been customized for each valve size to minimize energy loss.     

Testicular epidermoid cysts in prepubertal children: case report and review of the world literature

Epidermoid cysts of the testes are rare, benign lesions that account for approximately 1% of all testicular tumors. They present most often between the second and fourth decade of life, and have been reported in prepubertal children rarely. The authors report the clinical and sonographic findings in a 4 1/2-year-old child with a testicular epidermoid cyst, and they analyze the 22 prepubertal cases found in the world literature. As described below, the clinical and sonographic features of this tumor are not specific for an epidermoid cyst and do not preclude a teratomatous or malignant neoplasm. This case adds to the varied sonographic appearance of prepubertal testicular epidermoid cysts. The lack of either unique clinical or sonographic features would suggest that extreme caution be used if local excision is considered for a patient with presumed epidermoid cyst of the testicle.     

Exertional compartment syndrome of the upper extremity

Exertional compartment syndrome is characterized by intracompartmental pressures that rise transiently following repetitive motion or exercise, thereby producing temporary, reversible ischemia, pain, weakness, and, occasionally, neurologic deficits. The exact cause or pathogenesis remains unclear; a disturbance of microvascular flow caused by elevated intramuscular pressure leads to tissue ischemia, depletion of high-energy phosphate stores, and cellular acidosis. Anatomic contributing factors may include a limited compartment size, increased intracompartmental volume, constricted fascia, loss of compartment elasticity, poor venous return, or increased muscle bulk. The diagnosis is suspected based on history and confirmed with physical examination and intramuscular pressure evaluation before and after exercise (stress test). Differential diagnosis includes claudication or other vascular abnormalities, myositis, tendinitis, periostitis, chronic strains or sprains, stress fracture, other compression or systemic neuropathies, and cardiac abnormalities with angina or referred extremity pain. Initial treatment includes activity modification; refractory symptoms can be managed with elective fasciotomy.     

The African Water Page

Abstract

This paper describes the development of the African Web Page (AWP), a website devoted to water resources issues affecting Africa. The goals, missions, and content of the website are discussed, as well as the challenged that Internet use poses for the African continent where poverty mitigates against these technologies. Relatively few Africans currently access the site. The author concludes with several lessons learned from the AWP experience, and outlines the potential future of this information effort.     

Remote sensing of the Earth's atmosphere from space with high-resolution Fourier-transform spectroscopy: development and methodology of data processing for the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy experiment

The methodology of spectroscopic remote sensing with high-resolution Fourier-transform spectra obtained from low Earth orbit by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment is discussed. During the course of the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) shuttle missions (1992-1994) a flexible, yet reproducible, retrieval strategy was developed that culminated in the near-real-time processing of telemetry data into vertical profiles of atmospheric composition during the ATLAS-3 mission. The development, evolution, robustness, and validation of the measurements are presented and assessed with a summary comparison of trace-gas observations within the Antarctic polar vortex in November 1994.     

考尔德"动与静"的艺术世界

文章对美国现代抽象主义雕塑大师亚历山大·考尔德(1898-1976)的作品和创作风格作了介绍,在20世纪现代艺术和现代建筑蓬勃发展的背景下,考尔德开拓性的探索现代雕塑形式、空间及材料,在西方现代雕塑艺术发展中起到了承前启后的作用.他的活动雕塑和固定雕塑是对20世纪的重大贡献.     

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER): Data products for the high spatial resolution imager on NASA's Terra platform

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a high spatial resolution, multispectral imager with along-track stereo capabilities scheduled for launch on the first NASA spacecraft of the Earth Observing System (Terra) in 1999. Data will be obtained in 14 spectral bands covering the visible through the thermal infrared wavelength region. A number of standard data products will be available to requesters through an on-line archival and processing system. Particular, user-specified data acquisitions will be possible through a Data Acquisition Request system.     

转动露华浓粉底瓶

露华浓的双重分配包装考验了新粉底的创新。转盘控制器混合着抹到皮肤上的粉底,在带给女性便利的同时,减少了浪费。即使拥有非常时髦有型的化装刷和工具,变美也是一项棘手的工作。涂抹化妆品对于有些人来说可能是浪费时间,甚至会产生一种压力,或者完全就是无用的。纽约市的露华浓消费品公司