The influence of lactic acid fermentation on biogenic amines and volatile compounds formation in flaxseed and the effect of flaxseed sourdough on the quality of wheat bread

The aim of the study was to investigate if differences in acidification, biogenic amines (BA) and volatile compounds (VC) occurred when Lactobacillus sakei KTU05-6, Pediococcus acidilactici KTU05-07 and Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-8 are used as starters in solid state fermentation of flaxseed and the impact of flaxseed sourdough on the wheat bread making process assessed.     

Limonoid content of sour orange varieties

BACKGROUND: Modern Citrus cultivars are thought to have arisen from three parents: the pummelo, the mandarin, and citron. Taxological and genetic data support that sweet and sour oranges share a common parentage. However, as their name suggests, the organoleptic properties of the fruit from these two families is distinctly different. Analysis of the limonoid content of sour orange varieties has been limited. RESULTS: Juice samples prepared from a selection of sour orange cultivars were evaluated for their limonoid A‐ring lactone, aglycone, and glucoside contents. Limonoate A‐ring lactone concentrations ranged from 11.1 to 44. 9 mg L^?1, whereas nomilinoate A‐ring lactone levels were found not to exceed 1.2 mg L^?1. Total limonoid aglycone and total limonoid glucoside concentrations varied from 2.4 to 18.4 mg L^?1 and from 149.0 to 612.3 mg L^?1, respectively. Limonoid glucoside profiling by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry suggest that the sour oranges are distinctly different from sweet oranges and other citrus species. CONCLUSION: Limonoid aglycone and A‐ring contents across sweet and sour oranges are similar, whereas limonoid glucoside profiles are distinctly different. Juice prepared from Citrus maderaspatana had the highest limonoid concentrations among the samples tested and could potentially be used for the isolation of limonoid A‐ring lactones and glucosides. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of the capability of system codes to model cavitation water hammers: Simulation of UMSICHT water hammer experiments with TRACE and RELAP5

The capabilities of the nuclear system transient codes TRACE and RELAP5 to model coupled two-phase flow and pressure wave propagations in a pipe are assessed by analyzing the UMSICHT PPP cavitation water hammer experiments 329 and 135 after valve closure. Time-dependent pressure, flow behaviour, and the generation and collapse of vapor bubbles at the valve and the first bridge are discussed. We show that both codes are able to model the flow behaviour of the water hammer for the high pressure and high temperature case 329 (initially 10–13 bar and 420 K), however condensation heat transfer for the base case needed to be increased in order to accurately model the magnitude of the first pressure excursion. The experimental broadening and damping of the subsequent pressure peaks by Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) phenomena arising from the interaction of the flow with the vibrations of the piping structure are not considered in the modeling results. For the lower pressure and temperature case 135 (initially 1–4 bar and 294 K), the TRACE code provides a good approximation of the propagation of the pressure wave and the void fraction behaviour, already with base case conditions, while RELAP5 overpredicts the vapor generation along the pipe and, as a result, considerably underpredicts the pressure amplitudes and overpredicts the water hammer frequency.     

Antioxidant activity of horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.) grown in Lithuania

Acetone extracts (AE), deodorised acetone extracts (DAE), and deodorised water extracts (DWE) from leaves of horehound (Marrubium vulgare L. ) were tested for their antioxidant activity in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) oil at 80°C. Well investigated antioxidants containing extracts (AE and DAE) of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) were used for comparison purposes. The effect of the extracts on the edible oil stability was assessed by measuring weight gain, peroxide value, and the UV absorption. The antioxidant activity of AE and DAE of horehound were comparable to the antioxidant activity of AE and DAE of sage. For both plants AE was shown to have better antioxidant properties than DAE. The volatile components of horehound were hydrodistilled and analysed by GC and GC/MS. Totally, 47 components were identified in the essential oil (EO), the main ones being (Z)-β-farnesene, β-caryophyllene, (E)-hex-2-enal, α-humulene, and germacrene D. Thirtynine constituents are reported in M. vulgare for the first time.     

Methyl 2-Halo-4-Substituted-5-Sulfamoyl-Benzoates as High Affinity and Selective Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase IX

Among the twelve catalytically active carbonic anhydrase isozymes present in the human body, the CAIX is highly overexpressed in various solid tumors. The enzyme acidifies the tumor microenvironment enabling invasion and metastatic processes. Therefore, many attempts have been made to design chemical compounds that would exhibit high affinity and selective binding to CAIX over the remaining eleven catalytically active CA isozymes to limit undesired side effects. It has been postulated that such drugs may have anticancer properties and could be used in tumor treatment. Here we have designed a series of compounds, methyl 5-sulfamoyl-benzoates, which bear a primary sulfonamide group, a well-known marker of CA inhibitors, and determined their affinities for all twelve CA isozymes. Variations of substituents on the benzenesulfonamide ring led to compound 4b, which exhibited an extremely high observed binding affinity to CAIX; the K_d was 0.12 nM. The intrinsic dissociation constant, where the binding-linked protonation reactions have been subtracted, reached 0.08 pM. The compound also exhibited more than 100-fold selectivity over the remaining CA isozymes. The X-ray crystallographic structure of compound 3b bound to CAIX showed the structural position, while several structures of compounds bound to other CA isozymes showed structural reasons for compound selectivity towards CAIX. Since this series of compounds possess physicochemical properties suitable for drugs, they may be developed for anticancer therapeutic purposes.     

Cardiovascular oscillations of the carotid artery assessed by magnetoelastic skin curvature sensor

The present study concerns the nondisturbing assessment of cardiovascular oscillations of the carotid artery using a novel skin curvature sensor on the neck. The mechanical oscillations of the skin reflect changes of the artery radius and thus relevant physiological data such as cardiac and respiratory activities, their mutual dependencies, and even changes of blood pressure. The skin curvature sensor is easy to handle and it minimally disturbs the patient, which is relevant for many medical areas such as sleep monitoring.     

Linas住宅

Linas住宅位于维尔纽斯城市边缘,附近的绿色环境和有趣的地形成为了建筑设计的灵感。建筑的形体即为了取得与周边环境的呼应,并且符合地形变化。     

Functionalization of Fluorinated Benzenesulfonamides and Their Inhibitory Properties toward Carbonic Anhydrases

Substituted tri‐ and tetrafluorobenzenesulfonamides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as high‐affinity and isoform‐selective carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. Their binding affinities for recombinant human CA I, II, VA, VI, VII, XII, and XIII catalytic domains were determined by fluorescent thermal shift assay, isothermal titration calorimetry, and a stopped‐flow CO₂ hydration assay. Variation of the substituents at the 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐positions yielded compounds with a broad range of binding affinities and isoform selectivities. Several 2,4‐substituted‐3,5,6‐trifluorobenzenesulfonamides were effective CA XIII inhibitors with high selectivity over off‐target CA I and CA II. 3,4‐Disubstituted‐2,5,6‐trifluorobenzenesulfonamides bound CAs with higher affinity than 2,4‐disubstituted‐3,5,6‐trifluorobenzenesulfonamides. Many such fluorinated benzenesulfonamides were found to be nanomolar inhibitors of CA II, CA VII, tumor‐associated CA IX and CA XII, and CA XIII. X‐ray crystal structures of inhibitors bound in the active sites of several CA isoforms provide structure–activity relationship information for inhibitor binding affinities and selectivity.     

Comparative Gas Chromatographic–Mass Spectrometric Evaluation of Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Essential Oils and Extracts Obtained Using Different Sample Preparation Methods

The main aim of investigations was to identify chemotypes and determine differences between some domestic hop varieties and wild hops, which were collected from some regions of Lithuania and cultivated at the same edafoclimatic conditions in hops collection of Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University. One of objectives was to compare essential oils of hops (2 years harvest) by the evaluation of volatiles content. Among the main components of hop essential oils monoterpenes (β-myrcene) and sesquiterpenes (α-humulene and β-caryophyllene) were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Retention parameters (t _R, calculated retention index, and Kovats retention index) and m/z value of molecular ion for selected compounds from hop essential oils were determined. Samples were prepared by applying solid phase microextraction (SPME), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The steam distillation was used to obtain hop essential oils. The chemometric comparison of domestic and wild hops based on GC-MS analysis data was carried out. The obtained statistical results allow us to classify the investigated wild forms and domestic varieties of hops according to the similarities of their chemotypes. The concentration of β-myrcene, α-humulene in hop essential oils obtained from cones 2 years harvests is much higher than other volatile organic compounds (15.2–23.7 % in total contribution). In analysed essential oils β-farnesene is a constituent in higher quantity of hop essential oils obtained from cones from second time harvest than from cones from first harvest. This can be explained by the year-to-year vegetation conditions difference.     

Tribological running-in investigation and surface analysis of copper coats made by electro-impulsive spraying

The aim of the research is tribological analysis of the running-in of friction pairs with copper coats made by electro-impulsive spraying (EPS) and estimation of the formation possibility of the selective transfer phenomenon (STP) in such friction pairs. Research results have shown that friction pairs with an EPS coat operate at a much lower friction coefficient. The character of friction torque variation and stabilisation could be explained by the self-organization processes. SEM and AFM investigations show the porosity, low roughness and formation of the protective film at the surface asperities of the EPS coated surface. This is an important feature of the servovitic film created by the selective transfer phenomenon.