Metallized ultra-shallow-junction device technology for sub-0.1μm gate MOSFET's

This paper describes a new ultra-thin SOI-CMOS structure offering reduced parasitic diffusion-layer resistance. It addresses ways to deal with the ultra-shallow junctions required by sub-0.1 μm MOSFET's. Based on a CVD tungsten process we experimentally investigate the characteristics of selectively grown tungsten used in the source and drain region made in SOI layers of various thicknesses ranging from 10 to 100 nm. We also investigate certain CMOS device characteristics. The SOI-CMOS structure, with low parasitic diffusion-layer resistance and good contact characteristics for ultra-shallow junction devices exhibits superior device performance and high scalability     

Metabolism of tetramethrin isomers in rat: IV. Tissues responsible for formation of reduced and hydrated metabolites

1. To identify the sites of formation of the reduced metabolites, 3-hydroxy-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide (3-OH-HPI-1 and -2), 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (TCDA) and 1-hydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (1-OH-HPA), in rat treated with 14C-labelled (1RS, trans)-tetramethrin, [3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl (1RS, trans)-chrysanthemate], bile-duct cannulated animals were orally or intravenously administered 14C-labelled 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (TPI) or 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic acid (THPA), precursors of these metabolites, and bile, urine and faeces were collected for analysis. 2. 3-OH-HPI-1 and 3-OH-HPI-2, which are cis-form reduced metabolites, and 1-OH-HPA were detected in bile and urine samples of the bile-cannulated rat treated intravenously and orally with 14C-labelled TPI, indicating their formation in tissues or blood. TCDA, a trans-form reduced metabolite, was not detected in bile, urine or faeces of the bile-cannulated rat treated intravenously with 14C-THPA, but was found in the faeces after oral application, indicating formation in the gastrointestinal tract. 3. To clarify whether 1-OH-HPA is produced from THPA via TCDA (hydroxylation via reduction) or by direct addition of H2O to its double bond (hydration), rats were orally administered 14C-labelled TCDA, and metabolites in urine and faeces were analysed. The observed lack of 1-OH-HPA indicated formation by direct addition of H2O to the double-bond of THPA. 4. To specify which tissues form reduced and hydrated metabolites, in vitro metabolism studies were carried out. Reduction to the cis-form was found to take place in blood cells, reduction to the trans-form took place in the gastrointestinal tract contents, and hydration took place in the liver and the intestinal tract contents.     

Preparation and properties of transparent cellulose hydrogels

Highly transparent cellulose hydrogels with physical crosslinkage were prepared from nonaqueous organic cellulose solutions and viscose by coagulating and regenerating cellulose in an aqueous solution containing a water‐miscible organic solvent. Nonaqueous organic cellulose solutions used were LiCl/dimethylacetamide, paraformaldehyde/dimethyl sulfoxide, and triethylammonium chloride/dimethyl sulfoxide. Preparation conditions and physical properties of the transparent cellulose hydrogels were studied. The transparency of the cellulose hydrogels depended on the composition of the aqueous solution containing the organic solvent. Furthermore, transparent cellulose hydrogels from viscose showed high tensile strength. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3020–3025, 2003     

The structure and maximal gain of CW-pumped GaP-AlGaP semiconductor Raman amplifier with tapers on both sides

GaP-AlGaP waveguide semiconductor Raman amplifiers (SRAs) tapered on both sides were fabricated by high-quality GaP-AlGaP liquid phase epitaxial growth using the temperature difference method with controlled vapor pressure (TDM-CVP), photolithography patterning, and reactive ion etching with PCl/sub 3/ gas. Although the finesse of the both-sides-tapered waveguide SRA is lower than previous values for straight or one-side-tapered waveguides, the CW-pumped gain was maximized, and a maximal gain of 4.2 dB was obtained. This letter presents the effect of tapered structures in SRA with CW pumping amplification.     

Aluminum deoxidation equilibrium in liquid Ni-Fe alloys equilibrated with CaO-Al2O3 slags

The deoxidation equilibrium for Al in Ni-Fe alloys was studied in the equilibrium experiments between CaO-Al₂O₃ slags and Fe-30, 50 and 70 % Ni alloys at 1873 K. By using the values for the first and second order interaction parameters between oxygen and nickel in liquid iron and those between oxygen and iron in liquid nickel, the effect of Ni on the activity coefficient of Al in liquid iron and that of Fe on the activity coefficient of Al in liquid nickel were determined in the whole composition range of Ni-Fe alloys. The oxygen contents in Ni-Fe alloys calculated by the iterative method based on pure iron were in good agreement with those based on pure nickel in the range of [% Al] < 0.03. From this fact, it was found that the Wagner's approximation relating to the multi-component solution was applicable to the deoxidation equilibrium in the whole composition range of Ni-Fe alloys in the restricted concentration of a deoxidizer.     

Characterization of temporal response, spectral responsivity and its spatial uniformity in photoconductive diamond detectors

Three photoconductive diamond detectors with highly oriented diamond (HOD) films fabricated by the same process were characterized with respect to temporal response, spectral responsivity and its spatial uniformity over the wavelength range from 190 to 250 nm. Temporal measurements showed a drift in the baseline, suggesting the presence of deep level carrier traps. The responsivity of specimen No. 2 was more than twice those of the other two specimens, but it showed an unpredictable current fluctuation. It was found that the spatial uniformities of all the specimens were too low for radiometric purposes. A prominent peak, thought to be due to photoemission, was found in the responsivity spatial distribution of specimen No. 3 under a negative applied voltage.     

High-performance polymer alloys of polybenzoxazine and bismaleimide

Two series of high-performance polymer alloys were prepared by mixing typical benzoxine monomers, 3-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine (P-a) or 6,6-(1-methylethyliden)-bis-(3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazine) (B-a), with a typical bismaleimide, 4,4-bismaleimidodiphenyl methane by various ratios followed by thermal treatment up to 240 °C. DSC and IR of the alloys were examined to follow the curing reaction. These analyses showed that the obtained polymer alloys are AB co-cross-linked polymer networks through the formation of ether linkage between the hydroxyl group of polybenoxazine and the double bond of bismaleimide. Viscoelastic analysis and softening temperature measurement revealed that the polymer alloys have much higher glass transition temperatures than those of each homopolymer. The thermal stability also increased with the increase of bismaleimide content as evidenced by TGA.     

Synthesis and applications of fluoroalkyl end-capped cooligomers having fullerene and mixed fullerenes in the main chain

Fluoroalkanoyl peroxides reacted with FULLERENES [fullerene (C₆₀) and commercially available fullerenes (Nanom Mix^TR and Nanom Black^TR)] and radical polymerizable comonomers such as acrylic acid, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide, and acryloylmorpholine to afford fluoroalkyl end-capped cooligomers having FULLERENES in the main chain under very mild conditions. Fluoroalkyl end-capped Nanom Mix and Nanom Black cooligomers thus obtained were found to exhibit a similar solubility to that of the corresponding fluoroalkyl end-capped cooligomers having fullerene in the main chain. These fluorinated FULLERENES cooligomers were found to form the nanometer size-controlled self-assembled cooligomeric aggregates in aqueous solutions. These fluoroalkyl end-capped FULLERENES cooligomers were more effective for solubilizing fullerene, Nanom Mix and Nanom Black into water, compared to those of the corresponding fluoroalkyl end-capped homooligomers having no FULLERENES in the main chain. Fluoroalkyl end-capped fullerene- and Nanom Mix-acrylic acid cooligomers were found to exhibit fluorescence spectra related to fullerene and Nanom Mix in cooligomers, respectively, in aqueous solutions. Additionally, these fluorinated fullerene- and Nanom Mix-acrylic acid cooligomers were able to increase chemiluminescence intensity related to luminol, effectively, compared to the corresponding fluorinated acrylic acid homooligomers.