Cook Yield, Texture and Gel Ultrastructure of Model Beef Batters as Affected by Low Levels of Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc Chloride

Effects of 0.05% CaCl₂, MgCl₂, or ZnCl₂, with or without 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), were investigated in high fat (HF; 30% fat) or low fat (LF; 10% fat) model beef batters. Cook yield (CY), texture, and gel ultrastructure were evaluated. With STPP, CaCl₂ increased CY, and in the absence of STPP, ZnCl₂ decreased CY and cohesiveness (p<0.05). Low-fat, ZnCl₂-treated batters without STPP had the lowest (p<0.05) hardness. Addition of STPP resulted in a homogeneous matrix in HF batters. In MgCl₂-treated HF batters, protein film surrounding fat globules had greater integrity than control, CaCl₂ or ZnCl₂ treatments. In ZnCl₂-treated HF batters (without STPP) a protein sheet was present without evidence of film encased droplets. Low-fat batters with STPP had finer, more porous networks than those without STPP.     

Organisational adaptation in an activist network: Social networks,leadership, and change in al-Muhajiroun

Social networks are said to facilitate learning and adaptation by providing the connections through which network nodes (or agents) share information and experience. Yet, our understanding of how this process unfolds in real-world networks remains underdeveloped. This paper explores this gap through a case study of al-Muhajiroun, an activist network that continues to call for the establishment of an Islamic state in Britain despite being formally outlawed by British authorities. Drawing on organisation theory and social network analysis, we formulate three hypotheses regarding the learning capacity and social network properties of al-Muhajiroun (AM) and its successor groups. We then test these hypotheses using mixed methods. Our methods combine quantitative analysis of three agent-based networks in AM measured for structural properties that facilitate learning, including connectedness, betweenness centrality and eigenvector centrality, with qualitative analysis of interviews with AM activists focusing organisational adaptation and learning. The results of these analyses confirm that al-Muhajiroun activists respond to government pressure by changing their operations, including creating new platforms under different names and adjusting leadership roles among movement veterans to accommodate their spiritual leader's unwelcome exodus to Lebanon. Simple as they are effective, these adaptations have allowed al-Muhajiroun and its successor groups to continue their activism in an increasingly hostile environment.     

e-commerce: implications for firm strategy and industry Configuration

The impact of the Internet on business activity and industry strategy is now starting to be appreciated. Established corporations as well as startup firms are utilizing the Internet to create new markets and reorganize existing markets. Ubiquity and low cost make the Internet a powerful force for transforming business activity and facilitating now venture creation. The paper argues that new commercial patterns are being created through firms' resorting to online retailing, opening portions of their information systems to customers, and linking firm processes directly to consumers by moving functions such as purchasing online.     

Scaling of the discrete-time algebraic Riccati equation to enhancestability of the Schur solution method

A simple scaling procedure for discrete-time Riccati equations is introduced. This procedure eliminates instabilities which can be associated with the linear equation solution step of the generalized Schur method without changing the condition of the underlying problem. A computable bound for the relative error of the solution of the Riccati equation is also derived     

The use of modified divinylbenzene-polystyrene resins in the separation of fermentation products. A case study utilizing amino acids and a dipeptide

The adsorption of phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine and aspartame from phosphate-buffered aqueous solutions with modified divinyl-benzene-polystyrene resins has been investigated using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The pH studied was 2.8, the temperature range was 293-313 K and the ionic strength was maintained at 1.0 mol dm^?3. Over the range of variables investigated, the adsorption isotherms are linear and may be characterized by temperature and pH-dependent apparent adsorption equilibrium constants, characteristic of the resin-adsorbate system. By studying the dependence on temperature of this adsorption constant, heats of adsorption and entropy of adsorption have been estimated. In terms of the heat liberated on adsorption, the amino acids and a dipeptide can be ranked thus: aspartame > phenylalanine > aspartic acid > asparagine.     

Partial wetting in trickle bed reactors — the reduction of crotonaldehyde over a palladium catalyst

The behavior of a trickle bed in which the catalytic packing was incompletely wetted was investigated using the selective hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde to n-butyraldehyde as a model reaction. The reaction was carried out at near ambient conditions using palladium deposited on porous alumina pellets as the catalyst. It was found that even when the extent of wetting was large, reaction taking place on the dry parts of the catalyst largely dominated the overall reaction rate.     

Poisoning with N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenylurea (Vacor). Immunoperoxidase demonstration of beta-cell destruction

A 49-year-old woman ate N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p'nitrophenylurea (PNU; Vacor) and was admitted to the hospital 12 hours later with a blood glucose level of 940 mg/dl and an anion-gap metabolic acidosis. Her diabetes was successfully treated, but she contained to manifest severe orthostatic hypotension. A painless ileus developed, followed by cecal perforation and death. Immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin-embedded pancreatic tissue obtained during postmortem examination clearly demonstrated the pancreatic beta-cell destruction. Results of this same staining technique also suggested that fewer alpha cells were present.