利用二元水溶液的水活度数据预测混合水溶液的水活度

The equation of Patwardhan and Kumar for water activities of mixed electrolyte solutions is extended to aqueous solutions containing non-electrolytes. This equation and the linear isopiestic relation are used to predict water activities of 56 ternary aqueous solutions in terms of the data of their binary subsystems. Both equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation can provide good predictions for water activities of the present 40 electrolyte solutions, and the linear isopiestic relation generally yields better predictions. The predictions of the extended equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation are in general quite reasonable for the present 8 ternary solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and the results of the linear isopiestic relation are usually better. The predictions of these two methods generally agree well with the experimental data for the 8 non-electrolyte mixtures being studied, and the linear isoniestic relation is better.     

First-Principles Studies of Metal (111)/ZnO{0001} Interfaces

The atomic and electronic structures for various metal (111)/ZnO{111} interfaces were studied by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) were evaluated for Al, Ag, and Au/ZnO interfaces. SBHs at metal/ZnO polar interfaces were found to be very sensitive to the specific interface chemical bonding. Interface metal-zinc bonding tends to give Ohmic contacts, while the contribution of metal-oxygen bonds depends on the specific metal: simple metals gives Ohmic contacts whereas noble metals gives Schottky-like behavior. We discussed the implications of these results for controlling the formation of metal/ZnO contacts.     

混合的两性聚丙烯酰胺用作高效助留剂

纸浆中细小纤维和无机盐所占比例的增加降低了助留剂的使用效果,而高速纸机运行中需要高效而又不会破坏纸张匀度的助留剂：本实验合成了富阴离子和富阳离子单元的两性聚丙烯酰胺,并把两者混合作为助留剂进行实验。文中分析了絮凝过程中的应力变化和每种PAM及混合后溶液的性质,结果表明,这种混合系统可有效地产生絮凝,并提高助剂的作用。同时,文中探讨了该系统可能的絮凝机理     

双偏振光极化干涉技术在化学剂洗油能力 评价中的应用*

为了准确评价化学驱过程中化学剂的洗油能力和表面活性剂、聚合物、碱剂及三元复合体系驱油过程中的 吸附损失,利用双偏振光极化干涉（简称DPI）技术,对克拉玛依油田七东1区化学驱用化学剂的洗油能力和吸附 特征进行了评价。结果表明,以体积比为1∶1的甲苯和正庚烷混合溶液作为溶剂,在原油质量浓度为2000 mg/ L、匀胶时间60 s,匀胶转速1000 r/min的条件下,可以在氧化硅芯片表面获得均匀性较好的原油膜。化学剂注入 芯片时间为400 s时,单一碱剂和单一聚合物溶液均能使芯片上油膜的质量和厚度明显减小,对原油具有较强的 洗脱能力;使用单一表面活性剂驱替后,芯片单位面积物质的质量增加11.7%,厚度增加25%,表面活性剂与原油 的吸附作用较强;在表面活性剂的吸附作用与聚合物、碱对油膜的洗脱作用双重作用下,三元复合体系对油膜的 洗脱效果较差,驱替后芯片单位面积物质的质量增加0.2%,厚度增加4.43%。4种化学剂的油膜洗脱能力从大到 小依次为：碱剂>聚合物>三元复合体系>表面活性剂。岩心驱油实验结果表明,各化学剂的驱油效率与其原油洗 脱能力对应性较好。     

渤海J油田生物酶-化学复配解堵技术*

渤海J油田开发过程中,因原油中微晶蜡含量较高,其对温度、压力较为敏感,从而在采出过程中易析出沉 积,导致生产井出现井筒及近井地带堵塞、井底流压上升等现象,严重影响油田的正常生产。本文利用生物酶 WZ7与化学解堵剂LV复配开展原油堵塞解堵技术研究,研究了复配体系的配伍性、乳化、原油剥离、降黏、界面 活性、溶蚀、储层渗透率恢复性。结果表明：5%生物酶WZ7/1%化学解堵剂LV复配体系在油藏温度（57 ℃）和 90 ℃下对垢样溶蚀率分别达到42.79%和92.03%,垢样剥离效率达到80%以上,原油降黏率达83%～92%之间, 形成的油水乳液稳定性较高,并表现出良好的乳化性能;储层渗透性恢复物模实验发现,该体系油藏温度（57 ℃） 下渗透恢复率为43.96%,在90 ℃条件下渗透恢复率达74.97%,显示该解堵体系针对渤海油田因重质组分沉积 造成的原油堵塞具有较强的解堵能力。     

酚醛凝胶调剖剂封堵及调剖效果研究*

针对渤中34-2/4油田长期注水开发后存在的非均质性加剧和注入水低效循环问题,须采取调剖措施来改 善水驱开发效果。以渤中34-2/4储层特征为模拟对象,测试了酚醛凝胶调剖剂的成胶时间和成胶黏度,采用环 氧树脂浇筑岩心和层内非均质岩心实验开展了酚醛凝胶调剖剂封堵及液流转向效果研究。研究结果表明,固化 剂间苯二酚和助剂碳酸氢铵可增加酚醛凝胶调剖剂的反应速率和凝胶强度,可通过向聚合物SD-201酚醛凝胶 调剖剂中添加固化剂,向乳液聚合物DW-R酚醛凝胶调剖剂中添加固化剂和助剂来提高凝胶强度。与聚合物 DW-R酚醛凝胶相比,聚合物SD-201酚醛凝胶在多孔介质内封堵效果和液流转向效果较好,当均质岩心渗透率 K_g=300×10^-3 ～5400×10^-3 μm²时,封堵率为 99.65%～96.94%,当非均质岩心渗透率为 300×10^-3/900×10^-3/2000× 10^-3μm²时,调剖后采收率增幅达到19.10%。     

广东省水生动物中的维氏气单胞菌和无乳链球菌的耐药性评估

为研究广东省水生动物中的维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)和无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)对不同种类抗生素的药物敏感性,从广东省9个地区人工养殖的水生动物体内分离维氏气单胞菌及无乳链球菌。其中分离出32株维氏气单胞菌和16株无乳链球菌。利用药敏纸片法检测分离菌株对14种抗生素的药物感受性,发现两种病菌对其中的7种抗菌药物有明显的敏感性。利用最小抑菌浓度法检测分离菌株对7种敏感抗生素的耐药性,发现32株维氏气单胞菌对甲砜霉素(29%)部分耐药,盐酸土霉素(41%)和交沙霉素(38%)部分敏感,对盐酸环丙沙星(82%)、强力霉素(82%)、氟苯尼考(75%)和磺胺二甲嘧啶(100%)都敏感。16株链球菌对甲砜霉素(100%)全部耐药,对交沙霉素(25%)部分敏感,对盐酸环丙沙星(100%)、强力霉素(100%)、盐酸土霉素(100%)、氟苯尼考(100%)和磺胺二甲嘧啶(88%)都敏感。本论文的研究可以对今后抗生素在维氏气单胞菌与无乳链球菌的使用中提供一定的参考,促进抗生素的合理使用。     

β-锂霞石对Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO系封接焊料封接粘结拉伸强度影响的研究

低温封接真空玻璃以降低退钢化效应是当前研究的难点问题,采用环保型封接焊料替代含铅焊料是热点问题,铋锌硼玻璃是最有希望替代含铅焊料的低熔点玻璃系统.将不同掺量(wt％)的β-锂霞石掺入到Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO系封接玻璃中,制备封接焊料,通过十字交叉法测试在不同烧结温度下封接的封接粘结拉伸强度,研究β-锂霞石掺量、烧结温度对封接粘结拉伸强度、粘结层厚度的影响.结果 表明:在410 ～430 ℃,β-锂霞石掺量为9％～12％时能明显提高封接粘结拉伸强度,其中410℃烧结时,掺量为9％的强度提高28％,达到1.19 MPa.β-锂霞石掺量6％ ～ 12％时,在410 ～450℃烧结温度范围,封接粘结拉伸强度随烧结温度变化小,有利于封接工艺的控制.随β-锂霞石掺量增加,封接界面处由明显的压应力转变为明显的拉应力,相应的封接粘结拉伸强度由低转变为高,再转变为低.在各烧结温度下粘结层厚度随β-锂霞石掺量的增加而增大,但未发现其与强度存在直接关联关系.     

粉煤灰细化与表面改性及其填充改性聚丙烯性能的研究

用燃煤电厂产生的废弃物粉煤灰作为填料,将粉煤灰进行物理球磨细化改性,再用硅烷偶联剂活化改性,然后与聚丙烯（PP）通过熔融共混制备成复合材料。结果表明,球磨后的粉煤灰制成的复合材料相比于纯PP弯曲强度提高了11.5 %,而且这种复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度相比于填充未球磨粉煤灰的材料分别提高了10.7 %和34.1 %,并且其熔体流动速率和热稳定性都有较大提升;经过硅烷偶联剂活化后的粉煤灰制成的复合材料,其力学性能,热稳定性也都得到改善;实验证明粉煤灰的填充对PP有很好的增强增韧效果,并且当改性之后的粉煤灰填充量为20 %（质量分数,下同）时,综合性能最佳。     

Seismic stability of earth slopes with tension crack

Cracks at the crest of slopes frequently occur during earthquakes. Such cracks result from limited tension strength of the soil. A tension cut-off in Mohr-Coulomb shear strength can represent this limited strength. Presented is an extension of variational analysis of slope stability with a tension crack considering seismicity. Both translational and rotational failure mechanisms are included in a pseudo-static analysis of slope stability. Developed is a closed-form to assess the seismic stability of slopes with zero tensile strength. The results indicate that the presence of the tension crack has significant effects on the seismic stability of slopes, i.e., leading to small value of the yield acceleration. Considering soil tension strength in seismic slope analysis may lead to overestimation on the stability, as much as 50% for vertical slopes. Imposing tension crack results in transit of the critical failure mode to a straight line from a log-spiral, except for flat slopes with small soil cohesion. Under seismic conditions, large cohesion may increase the depth of crack, moving it closer to the slope.