基于PPPoE协议的宽带接入网技术分析

PPPoE协议定义了在以太网中传输PPP协议帧的方法，它既利用了以太网的便利性又实现了PPP协议的点对点特性．由于PPPoE协议在用户管理、用户认证和计费等方面具有较大的优势，所以越来越多的宽带接入网采用基于PPPoE技术的解决方案．文中首先论述PPPoE的产生背景，分析该协议的本质和工作原理．然后介绍典型的基于PPPoE协议的宽带接入网模型，并分析一个依据此模型构建的接入网实例．最后，总结PPPoE接入方式的优点和缺点．     

Coating of a lignocellulosic aggregate with pectin/polyethylenimin mixtures: Effects on flax shive and cement-shive composite properties

Lignocellulosic lightweight concretes are a potential contributor to sustainable development. However, lignocellulosic aggregates are not always fully compatible with cement matrices leading to setting delays, significant dimensional variations and low mechanical strengths. An aggregate treatment, reducing water absorption and water-soluble molecule release, can avoid or reduce these drawbacks. In this study a coating treatment, using a pectin/polyethylenimin (PP) mixture, was applied to flax shives, which is a lignocellulosic by-product. Before shive coating, a dilution with distilled water or a micro-wave heating were conducted to decrease PP mixture viscosity.The PP treatment involved a decrease in shive water absorption. Compared to standard shive concrete, treated shive concrete exhibited a decrease in setting delay with an increase in cement hydration enthalpy, an increase in mechanical strengths and a significant reduction in dimensional variations. Although a slight increase in thermal conductivity and bulk density was measured, the cement-shive composite obtained still belongs to the insulating concrete category.     

Cytocompatibility of titanium metal injection molding with various anodic oxidation post-treatments

Metal injection molding (MIM) is a near net shape manufacturing method that allows for the production of components of small to moderate size and complex shape. MIM is a cost-effective and flexible manufacturing technique that provides a large innovative potential over existing methods for the industry of implantable devices. Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) samples were machined to the same shape as a composite feedstock with titanium and polyoxymethylene, and these metals were injected, debinded and sintered to assess comparative biological properties. Moreover, we treated MIM-Ti parts with BIOCOAT®, BIODIZE® and BIOCER®, three different anodic oxidation techniques that treat titanium using acid, alkaline and anion enriched electrolytes, respectively. Cytocompatibility as well as morphological and chemical features of surfaces was comparatively assessed on each sample, and the results revealed that MIM-Ti compared to CP-Ti demonstrated a specific surface topography with a higher roughness. MIM-Ti and BIOCER® samples significantly enhanced cell proliferation, cell adhesion and cell differentiation compared to CP-Ti. Interestingly, in the anodization post-treatment established in this study, we demonstrated the ability to improve osseointegration through anionic modification treatment. The excellent biological response we observed with MIM parts using the injection molding process represents a promising manufacturing method for the future implantable devices in direct contact with bones.     

DSA导引下经皮肝穿胆道引流术穿刺道安全的探讨

【摘要】 目的 探讨经皮肝穿胆道引流术中如何获得安全穿刺道。方法 将近4年108例梗阻型黄疸病例纳入研究，其中恶性梗阻患者95例，良性梗阻13例。所有患者均采用两步法诊治。第1步穿刺肝门区较粗大胆管造影，显示外周胆管较满意；第2步退出穿刺针，寻找1支较合适外围胆管作为目标胆管穿刺置管治疗。结果 所有患者均造影、治疗成功，手术成功率100%；肝功能、症状及体征均有不同程度好转或消失。术后新发胆系感染6例（5.6%）；胆道出血5例（4.6%）；症状性胆汁漏2例（1.9%），腹腔及肝包膜下少量出血2例（1.9%），胰腺炎1例（0.9%），未出现致死病例。结论 熟练的手术技巧，正确的穿刺方法所获得的安全穿刺道可以大大缩短手术时间，提高手术安全性。
     

Production of 2,3-butanediol from diverse saccharides via fermentation

The present study aimed to evaluate the potential use of whey to produce 2,3-BD via the fermentation of lactose and its monosaccharides, glucose and galactose, in a synthetic culture medium (medium 9, M9) using a modified strain of Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 (E. coli JFR12) at a 0.1 L/L (10 vol%) inoculum ratio, 37 °C, atmospheric pressure, an initial pH 7.4, and 100 rpm for 72 h varying the saccharide concentration from 12.5, 25, and 50 g/L. The 2,3-BD yield was ∼80 % of the theoretical yield using 25 g/L of glucose and lactose, corresponding to 0.38 g/g saccharides at a fermentation time of 48 h (glucose) and 72 h (lactose). However, the 2,3-BD yield was halved (0.19 g/g galactose), fermenting 25 g/L of galactose at 48 h. Taking into account these results, two important conclusions were determined: i) E. coli JFR12 could transform galactose into 2,3-BD although its yield was half of the yield observed with glucose at 48 h; and ii) E. coli JFR12 was as efficient as other natural 2,3-BD producers such as Klebsiella species fermenting lactose. However, the E. coli strain has the advantage of being an innocuous strain. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other study presenting the production of 2,3-BD from galactose and lactose with a genetically modified E. coli strain.     

Pairwise testing for software product lines: comparison of two approaches

Software Product Lines (SPL) are difficult to validate due to combinatorics induced by variability, which in turn leads to combinatorial explosion of the number of derivable products. Exhaustive testing in such a large products space is hardly feasible. Hence, one possible option is to test SPLs by generating test configurations that cover all possible t feature interactions (t-wise). It dramatically reduces the number of test products while ensuring reasonable SPL coverage. In this paper, we report our experience on applying t-wise techniques for SPL with two independent toolsets developed by the authors. One focuses on generality and splits the generation problem according to strategies. The other emphasizes providing efficient generation. To evaluate the respective merits of the approaches, measures such as the number of generated test configurations and the similarity between them are provided. By applying these measures, we were able to derive useful insights for pairwise and t-wise testing of product lines.     

Influence of physicochemical binder properties on agglomeration of wheat powder in couscous grain

Wet agglomeration mechanisms developing in low shear mixers have been described considering a fractal morphogenesis process that links the median size of the agglomerates with their solid volume fraction via a fractal dimension. It appears fundamental to integrate the polydispersity of the generated structures (nuclei, agglomerates, dough pieces) in the analysis of the agglomeration process in order to approach the industrial problems. The objective of this study is to correlate the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of several liquid binders, on the fractal agglomeration mechanisms. To do so, we considered the values of the fractal model parameters. The obtained results confirmed that semolina wet agglomeration follows a fractal morphogenesis for the different applied liquid binders. Our results also showed a marked influence of the studied physicochemical properties of the liquid binder on the value of the fractal model parameters. During wet agglomeration in low shear mixers, the mechanisms implied during agglomeration (wetting, nucleation and growth) do not occur consecutively, but they coexist throughout at each water contents.     

Influence of flour blend composition on fermentation kinetics and phytate hydrolysis of sourdough used to make injera

The influence of cereal blends, teff–white sorghum (TwS), barley–wheat (BW) and wheat–red sorghum (WrS), on fermentation kinetics during traditional fermentation of dough to prepare injera, an Ethiopian traditional fermented pancake, was investigated in samples collected in households. Barley malt was used with BW and WrS flours. WrS- and BW-injera sourdough fermentations were characterised by a transient accumulation of glucose and maltose and a two-step fermentation process: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation with ethanol as the main end product. Only transient accumulation of glucose was observed in TwS-injera, and equimolar concentrations of lactic acid and ethanol were produced simultaneously. Final α-galactoside concentrations were low in all sourdoughs. Phytic acid (IP6) was completely hydrolyzed in WrS and BW-injeras probably due to the combined action of endogenous malt and microbial phytases. Only 28% IP6 hydrolysis was observed in TwS injera. Ways to improve IP6 hydrolysis in TwS-injera need to be investigated.     

Multi-laboratory evaluations of the performance of Catellicoccus marimammalium PCR assays developed to target gull fecal sources

Here we report results from a multi-laboratory (n = 11) evaluation of four different PCR methods targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Catellicoccus marimammalium originally developed to detect gull fecal contamination in coastal environments. The methods included a conventional end-point PCR method, a SYBR^® Green qPCR method, and two TaqMan^® qPCR methods. Different techniques for data normalization and analysis were tested. Data analysis methods had a pronounced impact on assay sensitivity and specificity calculations. Across-laboratory standardization of metrics including the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), target detected but not quantifiable (DNQ), and target not detected (ND) significantly improved results compared to results submitted by individual laboratories prior to definition standardization. The unit of measure used for data normalization also had a pronounced effect on measured assay performance. Data normalization to DNA mass improved quantitative method performance as compared to enterococcus normalization. The MST methods tested here were originally designed for gulls but were found in this study to also detect feces from other birds, particularly feces composited from pigeons. Sequencing efforts showed that some pigeon feces from California contained sequences similar to C. marimammalium found in gull feces. These data suggest that the prevalence, geographic scope, and ecology of C. marimammalium in host birds other than gulls require further investigation. This study represents an important first step in the multi-laboratory assessment of these methods and highlights the need to broaden and standardize additional evaluations, including environmentally relevant target concentrations in ambient waters from diverse geographic regions.