The Role of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase in l‐Lysine Lactamization During Capuramycin Biosynthesis

Capuramycins are one of several known classes of natural products that contain an l ‐Lys‐derived l ‐α‐amino‐?‐caprolactam (l ‐ACL) unit. The α‐amino group of l ‐ACL in a capuramycin is linked to an unsaturated hexuronic acid component through an amide bond that was previously shown to originate by an ATP‐independent enzymatic route. With the aid of a combined in vivo and in vitro approach, a predicted tridomain nonribosomal peptide synthetase CapU is functionally characterized here as the ATP‐dependent amide‐bond‐forming catalyst responsible for the biosynthesis of the remaining amide bond present in l ‐ACL. The results are consistent with the adenylation domain of CapU as the essential catalytic component for l ‐Lys activation and thioesterification of the adjacent thiolation domain. However, in contrast to expectations, lactamization does not require any additional domains or proteins and is likely a nonenzymatic event. The results set the stage for examining whether a similar NRPS‐mediated mechanism is employed in the biosynthesis of other l ‐ACL‐containing natural products and, just as intriguingly, how spontaneous lactamization is avoided in the numerous NRPS‐derived peptides that contain an unmodified l ‐Lys residue.     

Studies on analysis of terpene resin in imported chewing gums

We have developed an analytical method for terpene resins in chewing gum. The fraction including terpene resins was prepared by means of hexane extraction and two silica gel column chromatography treatments (hexane and ethyl acetate) from chewing gum. The terpene resin fraction was analyzed with LC/MS and IR. The terpene resins are mixtures of polymeric pinene and/or limonene, which have a monomer molecular weight of 136. The MS spectrum of the terpene resin peak on the LC/MS total ion chromatogram showed protonated molecular ion (M + H)+ peaks at intervals of m/z 136, characteristic of a complex mixture of polyterpenes. IR spectroscopy is a suitable technique to identify the terpene resin type, ie., pinene or limonene. When the method was applied to imported chewing gum sold in Japan, terpene resins were clearly detected.     

Investigation of UV-A light irradiation on tomato fruit injury during storage

We investigated the effect of UV-A light (wavelength 315 to 400 nm) irradiation during storage on tomato fruit injury. Mature green tomato fruit (cv. House Momotaro) were exposed to UV-A at doses of 0.02, 0.5, and 2 mW x cm(-2) throughout storage at 25 degrees C. The physiological disorders, fruit ripening, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and increases in fruit temperature were evaluated. All UV-A-irradiated and nonirradiated tomatoes developed a full red color at the same time (2 weeks). Irradiated fruit ripened normally, and exposure of tomato fruits to UV-A did not lead to the discoloration of ripe tomato fruit at any dosage. The fruit temperature did not increase in response to various UV-A light doses and exposure times, and none of the UV-irradiated fruits showed physiological disorders (dull skin blemish, pitting). The SOD activity of UV-A-irradiated fruit exposed to the various UV-A doses did not significantly (P = 0.05) differ from that of fruit stored in dark conditions. The SOD results imply that UV-A light might not induce reactive oxygen species in UV-A-irradiated fruit.     

Strength and Phase Stability of Yttria-Ceria-Doped Tetragonal Zirconia/Alumina Composites Sintered and Hot Isostatically Pressed in Argon–Oxygen Gas Atmosphere

Yttria-ceria-doped tetragonal zirconia (Y,Ce)-TZP)/alumina (Al₂O₃) composites were fabricated by hot isostatic pressing at 1400° to 1450°C and 196 MPa in an Ar–O₂ atmosphere using the fine powders prepared by hydrolysis of ZrOCl₂ solution. The composites consisting of 25 wt% Al₂O₃ and tetragonal zirconia with compositions 4 mol% YO_1.5–4 mol% CeO₂–ZrO₂ and 2.5 mol% YO_1.5–5.5 mol% CeO₂–ZrO₂ exhibited mean fracture strength as high as 2000 MPa and were resistant to phase transformation under saturated water vapor pressure at 180°C (1 MPa). Postsintering hot isostatic pressing of (4Y, 4Ce)-TZP/Al₂O₃ and (2.5Y, 5.5Ce)-TZP/Al₂O₃ composites was useful to enhance the phase stability under hydrothermal conditions and strength.     

Anhydrous proton conductor consisting of pectin–inorganic composite material

An organic–inorganic proton conductive composite material consisting of a biopolymer was prepared by mixing the pectin, tetraethyl titanate, and imidazole. Although the pectin material without the composite dissolved in water, the pectin–inorganic composite material did not show water solubility. In addition, in the composite material, the pectin and imidazole formed an acid–base structure by an electrostatic interaction, and as a result, these composite materials showed a thermal stability at intermediate temperatures (100–200°C). Furthermore, these composite materials indicated the proton conductivity of 5.6 × 10^?4 S cm^?1 at 180°C under anhydrous conditions. The activation energy of the proton conduction under anhydrous conditions was 0.32–0.22 eV and these values were one order of magnitude higher than that of the typical humidified perfluorinated membrane, such as Nafion^®. The organic–inorganic composite material consisting of a biocomponent may have the potential to be utilized as a novel proton conductor under anhydrous conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42433.     

Dietary eritadenine-induced alteration of molecular species composition of phospholipids in rats

The effect of dietary eritadenine, a hypocholesterolemic compound found in the mushroomLentinus edodes, on the fatty acid and molecular species profiles of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the plasma and liver microsomes was investigated in relation to the hypocholesterolemic action of the compound in rats. Animals were fed the control or eritadenine-supplemented (50 mg/kg diet) diet for 14 d. Eritadenine supplementation significantly decreased the plasma concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipids, but not triglycerides. The PC/PE ratio of liver microsomes, but not plasma, was also markedly decreased by eritadenine. Eritadenine supplementation was found to increase the proportion of 18:2n-6 and, inversely, to decrease the proportion of 20:4n-6 and 22:5n-6 in plasma PC and liver microsomal PC and PE, indicating that eritadenine depressed the metabolism of linoleic acid. The effect of eritadenine on the profile of n-3 fatty acids was dissimilar in PC and PE. These changes in fatty acid composition were selectively reflected in the molecular species composition of both PC and PE; the extent of increase in 16:0–18:2 molecular species or decrease in 18:0–20:4 molecular species was apparently greater than that of other molecular species containing 18:2 or 20:4 in the sn-2 position. These results suggest that, in addition to the decrease in liver microsomal PC/PE ratio, the alteration of plasma PC molecular species composition might also participate in the hypocholesterolemic action of eritadenine.     

Decomposition characteristics of biodegradable plastics made from sago starch‐extraction residue

Biodegradable plastics were synthesized for the effective use of sago starch‐extraction residue, which has been discarded as a waste. Two types of esterified sago starch‐extraction residue, P‐SP and L‐SP, were obtained. It had black color for P‐SP₁₆₀ (esterified by palm oil) to light yellow color for L‐SP₈₀ (esterified by lauric acid) and showed high carbon content, ranging from 399.3 to 537.1 g kg⁻¹. Biodegradable plastics from the residue, which had high esterification degree showed thermoplasticity and slower decomposition in Andisols in Japan and Inceptisols in Philippines. The esterification degrees of P‐SP₁₆₀ and L‐SP were 3.23 and 2.95 to 5.18 mmol g⁻¹, respectively. In addition, L‐SP₈₀ exhibited the most appropriate thermal softening behavior by heating. The cumulative decomposition of P‐SP₁₆₀ in Andisols and Inceptisols showed 16.7 and 32.8% of total carbon during 31 day of the incubation. On the other hand, the decomposition rates of L‐SP₈₀ in Andisols and Inceptisols were less than 10% of total carbon during 31 day of the incubation. The addition of triacetin as plasticizer to P‐SP₁₆₀ and L‐SP₈₀ remarkably influenced the decomposition rate of both molded P‐SP₁₆₀ and L‐SP₈₀. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Environmentally friendly coloured materials: cellulose/titanium dioxide/inorganic pigment composite spherical microbeads prepared by viscose phase-separation method

In order to develop environmentally friendly coloured materials, cellulose composite spherical microbeads hybridised with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles and inorganic pigment were prepared by a phase-separation method using viscose and an aqueous solution containing sodium polyacrylate. Findings regarding the relationships between cellulose xanthate and the electronic characteristics of TiO₂ particles used in the cellulose/inorganic material composite sphering process are also reported. These findings suggest that the location of TiO₂ particles in cellulose microbeads is related to electrical repulsion between the xanthate (CSS⁻) group and TiO₂. The use of TiO₂ powder as colour pigment is limited, as its colour is white. The cellulose composite spherical microbeads covered with TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ particles were developed by addition of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃). Their surfaces were viewed by laser microscope and using SEM images. These composite microbeads retained the photocatalytic property of TiO₂. Cellulose/TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ composite spherical microbeads with both colour function and photocatalytic properties were successfully prepared.     

Diffusion process of amino acids in polymer supports for solid‐phase peptide synthesis as studied by pulsed‐field‐gradient spin‐echo proton nuclear magnetic resonance

The diffusion coefficient (D) values of tert‐butyloxycarbonyl‐glycine, tert‐butyloxycarbonyl‐L ‐tryptophan, tert‐butyloxycarbonyl‐L ‐phenylalanine (Boc‐Phe), and 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐L ‐phenylalanine in Merrifield polystyrene (MPS) gels, poly(ethylene glycol)‐grafted polystyrene (PEG–PS) gels, and crosslinked ethoxylate acrylate (CLEAR) gels, as used in solid‐phase peptide synthesis, were determined by the pulsed‐field‐gradient spin‐echo ¹H‐NMR method. From these experimental results, it was found that the amino acids in MPS gels, PEG–PS gels, and CLEAR gels with N,N‐dimethylformamide‐d₇ (DMF‐d₇) as a solvent had multidiffusion components within a measurement timescale of 10 ms. The D value of Boc‐Phe in polystyrene gels (1% divinylbenzene crosslinked) with tetrahydrofuran‐d₈ was much larger than that in the same gels with DMF‐d₇. Furthermore, the required time in which an amino acid transferred from a reactive site to a reactive site was estimated, within which the solvents and amino acids in the polymer supports diffused in the swollen beads.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 413–421, 2003     

Effects of dressing containing plant sterol on serum cholesterol concentration and the safety evaluation in borderline or mildly hypercholesterolemic Japanese subjects

In a placebo-controlled double-blind study, we examined the effects of dressing containing plant sterol (PS) on blood lipids and the safety in Japanese borderline or mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. Fifty-nine subjects [total cholesterol (TC) concentration > or = 200 mg/dL] were randomly divided into two groups and were given daily 15 g of dressing containing 800 mg of PS [PS(+)-group] or without PS [PS(-)-group] for 12 weeks. Every 4 weeks, fasting blood was examined and subjective symptoms were analyzed. Serum TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) concentrations did not change in the PS(-)-group, while TC and ApoB significantly decreased in the PS(+)-group at 8 and 12 weeks and LDL-C at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Moreover, serum TC, LDL-C and ApoB concentrations were significantly lower than those of PS(-)-group at 8 and 12 weeks. Other laboratory tests were all in normal ranges and no adverse events were observed. The results indicated that PS-containing dressing decreased serum TC, LDL-C and ApoB concentrations in borderline or mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. It is therefore proved that the dressing containing PS is helpful in maintaining blood cholesterol level normal and hence, the health of Japanese.