Computationally efficient methods for bit-error rate evaluation inweakly coherent optical systems

A semianalytical method to estimate the bit-error rate performance of nonsynchronous ASK and FSK optical heterodyne systems is presented. This approach takes into account numerous system details with an accuracy similar to Monte-Carlo simulation, but with a computation time reduced by several orders of magnitude. An analytical approximation, based on a closed-form expression for the decision variable moment generating function, is also presented. The results obtained with the semianalytical method and the analytical approximation are compared to Monte-Carlo simulation results and to measurements obtained on a practical FSK system     

A time domain approach for avoiding crosstalk in optical blockingmultistage interconnection networks

Crosstalk in multistage interconnection networks can be avoided by ensuring that a switch is not used by two connections simultaneously, in order to support crosstalk-free communications among N inputs and N outputs, a space domain approach dilates an N×N network into one that is essentially equivalent to a 2N×2N network. Path conflicts, however may still exist in dilated networks. This paper proposes a time domain approach for avoiding crosstalk. Such an approach can be regarded as “dilating” a network in time, instead of space. More specifically, the connections that need to use the same switch are established during different time slots. This way, path conflicts are automatically avoided. The time domain dilation is useful for overcoming the limits on the network size while utilizing the high bandwidth of optical interconnects. We study the set of permutations whose crosstalk-free connections can be established in just two time slots using the time domain approach. While the space domain approach trades hardware complexity for crosstalk-free communications, the time domain approach trades time complexity. We compare the proposed time domain to the space domain approach by analyzing the tradeoffs involved in these two approaches     

P-N double quantum well resonant interband tunneling diode withpeak-to-valley current ratio of 144 at room temperature

The current-voltage characteristics of the P-N double quantum well resonant interband tunneling (RIT) diodes in InAlAs-InGaAs system have been improved in this letter. The peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) is as high as 144 at room temperature. As we know, this is the highest room temperature PVCR ever reported in any tunneling devices. Moreover, the influence of the central barrier thickness varying from 10 Å to 30 Å on the device characteristics is also studied     

Data from orbiting navigation satellites for tomographic reconstruction

So far, orbiting navigation satellites are the only source for primary data in ionospheric tomography. Phase difference measurements give the input for tomographic reconstruction. Except for a constant, the initial phase difference value, the data can be considered to be the line integral of electron density along the straight line from the satellite to a ground based receiver (“slant electron content”). In ionospheric physics a projection onto the vertical is used: (vertical) electron content (TEC). Many investigations have been based on this quantity alone. This work discusses some of the propeties of the measured data (instrumental and “ionospheric” limitations in section II), and the role of TEC evaluation assumptions (“mean ionospheric height” and initial phase constant, in section III). Some of the problems inherent in ionospheric tomography using orbiting navigation satellites are discussed by means of model calculations (section IV). The models are mathematically defined two-dimensional electron density distributions that are used to calculate the latitude dependence of both slant and vertical TEC. Among others, the model calculations are useful in showing that strongly different electron density distributions can lead to similar electron contents. Tomographic reconstruction would probably not be able to distinguish between the different distributions, which leads to the recommendation to incorporate additional data in the reconstruction process. It is well known, and reflected in the model electron contents, that without additional data tomographic reconstruction is not accurate in height determination. Layer height variations with latitude, however, can have a strong influence on slant and vertical electron content.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

High-power passively mode-locked semiconductor lasers

We have developed optically pumped passively mode-locked vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers. We achieved as much as 950 mW of mode-locked average power in chirped 15-ps pulses, or 530 mW in 3.9-ps pulses with moderate chirp. Both lasers operate at a repetition rate of 6 GHz and have a diffraction-limited output beam near 950 nm. In continuous-wave operation, we demonstrate an average output power as high as 2.2 W. Device designs with a low thermal impedance and a smooth gain spectrum are the key to such performance. We discuss design and fabrication of the gain structures and, particularly, their thermal properties     

Effect of heme and vacuole deficiency on FRE1 gene expression and ferrireductase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Doppler sonography of the fetal descending aorta, renal artery, middle cerebral artery and umbilical artery in a population of 74 fetuses with a abdominal circumference below the fifth percentile of the reference limits were done. All fetuses were free from structural and chromosomal abnormalities. The pulsatility- and the resistance indices as well as the ratios between these indices from peripheral and cerebral vessels were calculated and correlated to the fetal distress. The measurement of the pulsatility index of the middle cerebral artery provided the best results in predicting the development of fetal distress. Better results were achieved by the use of ratios of pulsatility-indices of various vessels than by the examination of the vessels alone. Our results suggest the usefulness of the examination of the middle cerebral artery and their ratios compared to the renal artery.     

Analysis of a soliton-based logic module for a ring network

We analyze and numerically study the code-matching logic module that is the central element in a proposed soliton-based ring network system running at peak rates of 100 Gb/s. The proposed network is packet-switched, and fast logic is required to route each packet. That is the function of the code-matching logic module, and four soliton logic gates that can perform fast logic are the key devices in its design. The behavior of the code-matching logic module is governed by a large set of parameters, and we simulate it by varying many of these parameters. The physical effects that occur in these devices and their significance are analyzed. The results indicate that the logic module will work but within a restricted parameter range     

A contribution to the analysis of magnetic circuits excited bypermanent-magnets

In this paper, the influence of permeability on flux density in magnetic circuits is relegated to a minor importance. Here, permeability is considered as a mere measure of the effectiveness of amperian currents in increasing magnetic intensity. Based on this interpretation, the solution of problems related to magnetic circuits excited by permanent-magnets is reduced to the solution of problems related to magnetic circuits excited exclusively by energized coils     

Process-based cost modeling of photonics manufacture: the cost competitiveness of monolithic integration of a 1550-nm DFB laser and an electroabsorptive modulator on an InP platform

The monolithic integration of components holds promise to increase network functionality and reduce packaging expense. Integration also drives down yield due to manufacturing complexity and the compounding of failures across devices. Consensus is lacking on the economically preferred extent of integration. Previous studies on the cost feasibility of integration have used high-level estimation methods. This study instead focuses on accurate-to-industry detail, basing a process-based cost model of device manufacture on data collected from 20 firms across the optoelectronics supply chain. The model presented allows for the definition of process organization, including testing, as well as processing conditions, operational characteristics, and level of automation at each step. This study focuses on the cost implications of integration of a 1550-nm DFB laser with an electroabsorptive modulator on an InP platform. Results show the monolithically integrated design to be more cost competitive over discrete component options regardless of production scale. Dominant cost drivers are packaging, testing, and assembly. Leveraging the technical detail underlying model projections, component alignment, bonding, and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are identified as processes where technical improvements are most critical to lowering costs. Such results should encourage exploration of the cost advantages of further integration and focus cost-driven technology development.