Isolation and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria strains from raw camel milk for potential use in the production of fermented Tunisian dairy products

The aim of this work was to study the suitability of camel milk for the production of dairy products by lactic acid fermentation. Sixty strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from camel milk. The strains were tested for their acidification activity, ability to use citrate, exopolysaccharide production, lipolytic, proteolytic activities and resistance to antibiotics. Ten strains were investigated for their ability to metabolize carbohydrates and that resulted in the identification of 5 Lactococcus lactis, 1 Lactobacillus pentosus, 2 Lactobacillus plantarum, 1 Lactobacillus brevis and 1 Pediococcus pentosaceus strains. Two strains of Lactococcus lactis SCC133 and SLch14 were selected to produce traditional Tunisian fermented dairy products (Lben, Raib, Jben cheese and Smen). These strains were chosen based on their acid production capacity and their ability to produce a high yield of biomass.     

Development of a High-Strength Ultrafine-Grained Ferritic Steel Nanocomposite

This article describes the microstructural and mechanical properties of 12YWT oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS)-ferritic steel nanocomposite. According to the annealing results obtained from X-ray diffraction line profile analysis on mechanically alloyed powders milled for 80 hours, the hot extrusion at 1123 K (850 °C) resulted in a nearly equiaxed ultrafine structure with an ultimate tensile strength of 1470 MPa, yield strength of 1390 MPa, and total elongation of 13 pct at room temperature comparable with high-strength 14YWT ODS steel. Maximum total elongation was found at 973 K (600 °C) where fractography of the tensile specimen showed a fully ductile dimple feature compared with the splitting cracks and very fine dimpled structure observed at room temperature. The presence of very small particles on the wall of dimples at 1073 K (800 °C) with nearly chemical composition of the matrix alloy was attributed to the activation of the boundaries decohesion mechanism as a result of diffusion of solute atoms. The results of Charpy impact test also indicated significant improvement of transition temperature with respect to predecessor 12YWT because of the decreased grain size and more homogeneity of grain size distribution. Hence, this alloy represented a good compromise between the strength and Charpy impact properties.     

Supply chain risk assessment during new product development: a group decision making approach using numeric and linguistic data

Companies strive to minimise supply chain related risks during new product development as any glitch while developing new products can lead to considerable delay in product launch with severe financial implications. However, many organisations face difficulty in properly assessing the vulnerabilities of their globally dispersed supply chains during the product development stage as no suitable procedure for that purpose seems to be readily available in the literature. The present research is an attempt to fulfil this requirement. A step-by-step approach for supply chain risk assessment during new product development, involving group decision making, is suggested. This approach can use both numeric and linguistic data and helps in determining vulnerability scores for various sub-systems and for each supplier of the most vulnerable sub-system. This is followed by failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) which helps prioritise failure modes of vulnerable suppliers and thus create specific control plans to mitigate supply related failures. Using this approach, organisations can devise control plans to alleviate the supplier related risks during new product development. Although, the methodology is illustrated through an application in aircraft manufacturing, it can also be used in other discrete and process manufacturing industries.     

Increased Postprandial Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Levels in Elderly Survivors of Myocardial Infarction

Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) levels are a predictor for coronary atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to compare fasting high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and postprandial TRL between elderly survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) and healthy controls. A case-control study was performed in 44 elderly patients 65-85 years of age with a previous history of MI and 43 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Each participant underwent physical examination and was given a standard oral fat load with subsequent blood sampling over the next 8 h. Total and chylomicron triglycerides were assessed by area under the curve (AUC), incremental are under the curve (AUCi) and triglyceride response (TGR). Elderly MI patients had significantly lower postheparin LPL activity (87.4 +/- 36.9 mU/ml) (mean +/- 1 SD) than healthy controls (106.0 +/- 29.0 mU/ml) (P = 0.014). Decreased postheparin LPL activity was accompanied by significant increased and delayed clearance of postprandial TRL. Fasting HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in elderly MI patients than controls (1.45 +/- 0.32 and 1.66 +/- 0.47 mmol/l, respectively, P = 0.048). Multiple regression analysis revealed postheparin LPL activity as an independent predictor for postprandial TRL and fasting HDL cholesterol. Logistic regressions analysis revealed HDL cholesterol, triglycerides measured 2 h after the oral fat load, and postheparin LPL activity as independent predictors for MI. Our findings indicate that decreased fasting HDL cholesterol is associated with increased postprandial triglyceridemia which could be a target for life-style and therapeutic interventions in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease.     

Emulsion polymerization of styrene: Simulation the effects of mixed ionic and non-ionic surfactant system in the presence of coagulation

A detailed model was developed for emulsion polymerization of styrene in batch reactor to predict the evolution of the product particle size distribution. The effect of binary surfactant systems (ionic/non-ionic surfactants) with different compositions was studied. The zero–one kinetics was employed for the nucleation rate, with the model comprising a set of rigorously developed population balance equations. The modeling incorporated particle formation by both nucleation and coagulation phenomena. The partial differential equations describing the particle population were discretized using finite volume elements. Binary surfactant systems, comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as anionic, and a commercial polyether polyol (Brij35^®) as non-ionic surfactants, were examined with different mass ratios. Increasing non-ionic surfactant mass fraction in binary surfactant system showed the decrease of particle number due to intensifying the coagulation between particles. Broader particle size distributions with greater average particle size were obtained with non-ionic surfactant comparing those obtained with anionic one.     

Synthesis of polyelectrolyte-modified ordered nanoporous carbon for removal of aromatic organic acids from purified terephthalic acid wastewater

In this work polyelectrolyte (polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride) modified ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-1/PDDA) has been synthesized and has been employed in removal of major aromatic compounds present in purified terephthalic acid wastewater, such as p-toluic acid, benzoic acid, 4-carboxybenzaldehyde, phthalic acid and terephthalic. The adsorption behavior of these acidic impurities has been studied through batch experiments and using UV-spectrophotometric technique. The results show that CMK-1/PDDA is very effective in selective removal of acidic compounds from PTA-waste aqueous solutions. The electrostatic interaction was considered to be the main mechanism for the adsorption of acidic compounds. The effects of chemical modification, contact time, initial concentrations, adsorbent dose, agitation speed, solution pH and reaction temperature have been optimized. The sorption equilibrium was reached within 5 min. The sorption of acidic compounds on the CMK-1/PDDA slightly decreases with increasing pH, and temperature, indicating an exothermic process. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm.     

Pretreatment of wool/polyester blended fabrics to enhance titanium dioxide nanoparticle adsorption and self‐cleaning properties

This research aims to enhance the self‐cleaning properties of fibre‐blended fabric using surface pretreatment prior to the application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. To this end, the polyester/wool fabric was modified, in that the wool fibres were oxidised with potassium permanganate and the polyester fibres were hydrolysed with lipase before nano processing. Butane tetracarboxylic acid was also used to enhance the adsorption of the nanoparticles and also to stabilise them on the fabric surface. The self‐cleaning properties of the fabric were examined through staining of the fabric with CI Basic Blue 9 and then discolouring by exposing to ultraviolet and daylight irradiation. Some other properties of the treated fabrics, such as water drop absorption, crease recovery angle and bending were investigated and are discussed in detail. The colour changes of different samples indicated an appropriate discoloration on the titanium dioxide‐treated fabrics after ultraviolet and daylight irradiation. Overall, the surface pretreatment of the wool and polyester fibres improved the self‐cleaning properties of the fabric significantly.     

Enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties of polycaprolactone/chitosan blend by calcium carbonate nanoparticles

This study investigates the effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) nanoparticles on the mechanical and thermal properties and surface morphology of polycaprolactone (PCL)/chitosan nanocomposites. The nanocomposites of PCL/chitosan/CaCO(3) were prepared using a melt blending technique. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results indicate the average size of nanoparticles to be approximately 62 nm. Tensile measurement results show an increase in the tensile modulus with CaCO(3) nanoparticle loading. Tensile strength and elongation at break show gradual improvement with the addition of up to 1 wt% of nano-sized CaCO(3). Decreasing performance of these properties is observed for loading of more than 1 wt% of nano-sized CaCO(3). The thermal stability was best enhanced at 1 wt% of CaCO(3) nanoparticle loading. The fractured surface morphology of the PCL/chitosan blend becomes more stretched and homogeneous in PCL/chitosan/CaCO(3) nanocomposite. TEM micrograph displays good dispersion of CaCO(3) at lower nanoparticle loading within the matrix.