An interactive method for extracting grammar from programs

The grammar of the language in which some given code is written is essential for developing automated tools for maintenance, reengineering, and program analysis. Frequently grammar is available for a language but not for its variants that are implemented by various vendors and in which the given code may be written. In this work we address the problem of obtaining the grammar from source code, which can then be used for generating tools for the programs. We propose an incremental method for obtaining grammar for a particular language variant, from a set of programs written in the language variant and an approximate grammar (presumably of the standard language) with some user interaction. We also present the design of a tool for implementing this approach and our experience in working with grammars of C, C++ and COBOL. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural, dielectric and magnetic characterization of large scale template synthesized Gd doped BiFeO3 nanowires

Pure and 10 % Gd doped BiFeO₃ nanowires of 100-nm diameter have been synthesized by sol–gel template-assisted technique. Phase-dependent structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of pure and Gd doped BiFeO₃ nanowires have been investigated. X-ray diffraction study reveals that pure BiFeO₃ nanowires possess rhombohedral structure while 10 % Gd doped BiFeO₃ nanowires are orthorhombic in nature. Magnetic study confirms that the value of saturation magnetization, increased with structural change via doping of Gd in host BiFeO₃.     

Nanostructured MIEC Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.6Fe0.4O3−δ (BSCF5564) cathode for IT-SOFC by nitric acid aided EDTA–citric acid complexing process (NECC)

Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.6Fe_0.4O_3−δ(BSCF5564) was synthesized by nitric acid aided EDTA–citric acid complexing sol-gel method (NECC). Both, the phase formation temperature and time of BSCF5564 synthesized NECC were found to be low i.e. single perovskite phase formation temperature is 200 °C less as compared to the conventional method of synthesis. The orthorhombic perovskite structure has been formed after calcination at 800 °C for 5 h. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the formation of porous material constituting nano-sized and irregularly shaped rod-like structure with particle size approximately ranges from 90 to 160 nm. The total weight loss of the BSCF5564 sample comes out to be 6.6%, indicating that quadrivalence state Co⁴⁺ and Fe⁴⁺ in the sample have been completely reduced to the trivalent state Co³⁺ and Fe³⁺ due to thermal analysis. The value of E_a for BSCF5564 prepared by NECC was 0.2288 eV. The electrical conductivity of BSCF5564 synthesized by NECC is observed to be steady at high temperature (above 700 °C).     

Analysis of surface wave behavior in corrugated piezomagnetic layer resting on inhomogeneous half-space

This paper deals with propagation of Love type waves in a Piezomagnetic layer with corrugated boundaries overlying an inhomogeneous half-space. Inhomogeneity of elastic half-space is caused due to exponential variations in elastic parameters. Dispersion relations are obtained for magnetically open and short cases. Prominent effects of inhomogeneity, layer's width and corrugation on the phase velocity of considered wave are illustrated through graphs. Some particular cases are derived and exhibited through graphs. Also the influence of undulation parameter, elastic parameter, and piezomagnetic coefficient on phase velocity of considered wave has been marked separately. The present study finds its applications in designing and optimization of Love wave sensors and Seismic Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices. Findings may also be used for analytical study of wave propagation in piezomagnetic coupled structures.     

Focal Flow: Velocity and Depth from Differential Defocus Through Motion

We present the focal flow sensor. It is an unactuated, monocular camera that simultaneously exploits defocus and differential motion to measure a depth map and a 3D scene velocity field. It does this using an optical-flow-like, per-pixel linear constraint that relates image derivatives to depth and velocity. We derive this constraint, prove its invariance to scene texture, and prove that it is exactly satisfied only when the sensor’s blur kernels are Gaussian. We analyze the inherent sensitivity of the focal flow cue, and we build and test a prototype. Experiments produce useful depth and velocity information for a broader set of aperture configurations, including a simple lens with a pillbox aperture.     

First-principles studies of the superconductivity and vibrational properties of transition-metal nitrides TMN (TM = Ti,V, and Cr)

The present paper reports the structural, electronic, phonon and thermodynamical properties of some transition-metal nitrides (TMN: TiN, VN and CrN) by means of first-principles calculations. The computed equilibrium lattice constant and bulk modulus agree well with the available experimental and theoretical data. The electronic band structure and density of states calculations show metallic nature. The phonon frequencies are positive throughout the Brillouin zone for these compounds in rocksalt structure indicating dynamical stability. The calculated electron–phonon coupling constant λ and superconducting transition temperature agree reasonably well with the available experimental data. These compounds behave as a conventional phonon-mediated superconductor. Within the GGA and quasi-harmonic approximation, thermodynamical properties are also investigated.     

Design and development of guided four beam cantilever type MEMS based piezoelectric energy harvester

Microsystem Technologies - MEMS devices have found applicability in remote area of operation such as temperature monitoring in extreme climates, structural health monitoring, and car tire pressure...